The Coastal Environmental Profile of Brunei Darussalam: Resource Assessment and Management Issues ICLARM Technical Reports 18 Thfloastal Environmental Profile of Brunei Darussalam: Resource Assessment and Management Issues Edited by ua Thia-Eng, Chou Loke Ming and Marie Sol M. Sadorra Fisheries Department, Ministry of Development, Brunei Darussalam International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations1 United States Coastal Resources Management Project AUG 3 0 The Coastal Environmental Profile of Brunei Darussalam : Resource Assessment and Management Issues Edited by CHUA THIA-ENG CHOU LOKEMING MARIESOL M. SADORRA Published by the: Fisheries Department, Ministry of Development, Brunei Darussalam International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian NationsIUnited States Coastal Resources Management Project Printed in Manila, Philippines Chua,T.-E., L.M. Chou and M.S.M. Sadorra, Editors. 1987. The coastal environmental profile of Brunei Darussalam: resource assessment and management issues. ICLARM Technical Reports 18, 193 p. Fisheries Department, Ministry of Development, Brunei Darussalam and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines Cover: Landsat 4 multispectral scanner image of the northeastern portion of Brunei Darussalam, showing the coastal features. Note the Brunei Estuaries discharging into the Brunei Bay on the north. ISSN 01 15-5547 ISBN 971-1022-38-9 cloth ISBN 971 -1022-37-0 paper ICLARM Contribution No. 41 1 Contents ListofTables ................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................ ix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................. xi Foreword.................................................................... xiii Preface ..................................................................... xv Acknowledgements ..............................................................xvii Chapter 1. Introduction. Chou Loke Ming and Abdul Halidi Mohd. Salleh Background .......................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope ...................................................... 3 Approach and Methods................ : .................................. 3 Chapter 2 . Physical Environment. Maylene Loo. Lilian Hsu and James Paw Geography ........................................................... 5 Drainage ............................................................ 9 Soils ............................................................... 12 Seabed Configuration .................................................... 13 Climate ............................................................. 14 Hydrological Characteristics of Coastal Waters ................................... 16 Estuarine Environment................................................... 18 SerasaBay ........................................................... 22 Chapter 3 . Coastal Resources Mangroves. Prescillano Zamora.............................................. 28 Coral Reefs. Algae and Seagrasses. Chou Loke Ming. M.W.R.N. De Silva and Alan T. White ...... 43 Beaches. Alan T. White and M .W . R.N. De Silva ................................... 58 Artificial Habitats. Chou Loke Ming and Alan T. White.............................. 60 Mineral Resources. Alan T. White ............................................ 63 4 ' Chapter 4 . Population Profile. Kusumo Djoko Kuntjoro Demography.......................................................... 67 Tradition and Culture .................................................... 72 Employment ......................................................... 74 Health .............................................................. 75 Education ........................................................... 76 Chapter 5 . Land Use and Development. Catalino dela Ctuz. Chou Loke Ming and M. W . R.N. De Silva Land Use Capability..................................................... 79 LandDevelopment ..................................................... 81 LandTenure.......................................................... 85 Implications of Land Development ........................................... 88 Chapter 6 . Economic Sector Capture Fisheries. Khoo Hong Woo. S. Selvanathan and Abdul Halidi Mohd. Salleh ........... 89 Aquaculture. Catalino dela Cruz. Khoo Hong Woo. Beato Pudadera and Victor Wong .......... 109 Coastal Agriculture. Prescillano M. Zamora ...................................... 131 Coastal Forestry. Prescillano M. Zamora ....................................... 135 Tourism and Recreation. Alan T. White and M.W.R.N. De Silva ........................ 138 Industry. Alan T. White .................................................. 140 Chapter 7 . Pollution. M. W.R.N. De Silva Sources ............................................................. 143 Baseline Studies ....................................................... 145 RedTides ........................................................... 146 Pollution Criteria and Institutional Capabilities ................................... 147 Action Plans ......................................................... 148 Chapter 8 . Institutional and Legal Framework. Alan T. White. M.W. R.N. De Silva and Pengiran Sharifuddin bin Pengiran Haji Yusof Government Organizations ................................................ 149 Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) ....................................... 152 Environmental Education ................................................. 153 Chapter 9 . Coastal Resources Management Issues and Plan Formulation. Chua Thia.Eng. Chou Loke Ming and Awang Matdanan bin Haji Jaa far Coastal Erosion and Sedimentation ........................................... 154 Potential Management Issues ............................................... 158 Conceptual Framework for a Coastal Area Management Plan .......................... 162 Existing Data Base for Plan Formulation ....................................... 163 When. What and How to Plan ............................................... 164 Data Gaps and Research Needs.............................................. 164 Appendixes Definition ot Terms . ................................................ 169 Methodologies and Appr ches for the Development of a Special Area Management Plan ....... 171 Conceptual Management St tegy for the Mangroves of Brunei Darussalam................. 174 Artisanal Fishing Gears""a Used in Brunei Darussalam ................................ 177 List of Fish and Invertebrates .............................................. 180 Choice of Site for Aquaculture Systems ....................................... 185 References ...................................................................189 List of Tables Summary of water quality. substrate and common faunal characteristics for Temburong Estuary based on the field survey on 13 April 1987 (1020-1600 hr) . (Refer to Fig. 2.14 for location of sampling sites.). ................................................. Physicochemical characteristics at Tutong Estuary based on a field survey on 18 April 1987 (1130-1320 hr) . (Refer to Fig. 2.14 for the sampling sites.). .......................... Invertebrates collected during the Tutong benthic survey (6 June 1987). (Refer to Fig. 2.14 for the sampling sites.). ................................................... Specimens collected during benthic sampling along the lower reaches of S. Temburong. 11 May 1987 . (See Fig. 2.14 for the sampling sites.). ................................... Organisms collected during the benthic survey at Serasa Bay .............................. Summary of present land use in Brunei Darussalam .................................... Area of forest cover by forest types in Brunei Darussalam ................................ Occurrence of the subtypes of mangrove forest in the four districts of Brunei Darussalam (+ denotes presence; - denotes absence) ........................................... Vascular mangrove flora of Peninsular Malaysia (PM). Sarawak (SR). Sabah (SB) and Brunei Darussalam (BR). Life forms (LFI: fern (F); palm (PI; shrub 6); tree (TI; climber(C1............................................................... Ferns and fern allies in the mangrove areas of Brunei Darussalam ........................... Average number of adult mangrove trees and juveniles (samplings. seedlings) per hectare based on nineteen 10 m x 10 m plots in four sample sites in Brunei Darussalam .................. Fauna collected from selected mangrove sites in Brunei Darussalam ......................... Marine organisms from mudflats associated with mangrove areas in Brunei Darussalam ............. Details of current mangrove charcoal permit areas in the Selirong Forest Reserve (SFR) and the Labu Forest Reserve (LFR) in Temburong District ............................... 3.10 Details of current mangrove pole permit areas in the Selirong Forest Reserve (SFR) and the Labu Forest Reserve (LFR) in Temburong District ............................... 43 3.1 1 Corals collected from Pelong Rocks (Site 1). P. Punyit (Site 2) and Two Fathom Rock(Site3) ............................................................. 47 3.12 Reef component characteristics of Pelong Rocks and Two Fathom Rock ...................... 49 3.13 Reef community structure of Pelong Rocks (east). Transect A. 4 m depth. The CRMP survey