GAUSSTM User Guide Aptech Systems, Inc. — Mathematical and Statistical System Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Aptech Systems, Inc. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The purchaser may make one copy of the software for backup purposes. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose other than the purchaser’s personal use without the written permission of Aptech Systems, Inc. c Copyright Aptech Systems, Inc. Maple Valley WA 1984-2005 All Rights Reserved. GAUSS, GAUSS Engine and GAUSS Light are trademarks of Aptech Systems, Inc. GEM is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Lotus is a trademark of Lotus Development Corp. 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Part Number: 005064 Version 7.0 Documentation Revision: 794 May 25, 2006 Contents Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Product Overview ................................. 1-1 1.2 Documentation Conventions . 1-2 2 Getting Started 2.1 Installation Under UNIX/Linux . 2-1 2.2 Installation Under Windows ............................ 2-2 2.2.1 Machine Requirements . 2-2 2.2.2 Installation from Download . 2-2 2.2.3 Installation from CD . 2-3 3 Using the Command Line Interface 3.1 Viewing Graphics ................................. 3-2 3.2 Interactive Commands ............................... 3-2 3.2.1 quit .................................... 3-2 3.2.2 ed ..................................... 3-3 3.2.3 browse .................................. 3-3 3.2.4 config ................................... 3-3 3.3 Debugging ..................................... 3-4 3.3.1 General Functions ............................ 3-5 3.3.2 Listing Functions ............................. 3-5 3.3.3 Execution Functions . 3-5 3.3.4 View Commands ............................. 3-6 3.3.5 Breakpoint Commands . 3-7 4 Introduction to the Windows Interface 4.1 GAUSS Menus ................................... 4-1 4.1.1 File Menu ................................ 4-1 iii GAUSS User Guide 4.1.2 Edit Menu ................................ 4-4 4.1.3 View Menu ................................ 4-5 4.1.4 Configure Menu ............................. 4-6 4.1.5 Run Menu ................................ 4-6 4.1.6 Debug Menu ............................... 4-7 4.1.7 Tools Menu ................................ 4-8 4.1.8 Window Menu .............................. 4-9 4.1.9 Help Menu . 4-10 4.1.10 GAUSS Toolbars . 4-10 4.1.11 Main Toolbar . 4-11 4.1.12 Working Directory Toolbar . 4-12 4.1.13 Debug Toolbar . 4-13 4.1.14 Window Toolbar . 4-14 4.1.15 Status Bar . 4-15 4.1.16 GAUSS Status . 4-15 5 Using the Windows Interface 5.1 Using the GAUSS Edit Windows . 5-1 5.1.1 Editing Programs ............................ 5-2 5.1.2 Using Bookmarks ............................ 5-2 5.1.3 Changing the Editor Properties . 5-2 5.1.4 Using Keystroke Macros . 5-2 5.1.5 Using Margin Functions . 5-3 5.1.6 Editing with Split Views . 5-3 5.1.7 Finding and Replacing Text . 5-3 5.1.8 Running Selected Text . 5-4 5.2 Using The Command Input - Output Window . 5-4 5.2.1 Running Commands . 5-4 5.2.2 Running Programs in Files . 5-5 5.3 Using Source View ................................. 5-5 5.3.1 Source Tab ................................ 5-6 5.3.2 Symbols Tab ............................... 5-6 iv Contents 5.4 Using the Error Output Window . 5-7 5.5 Using The Debugger ................................ 5-7 5.5.1 Starting and Stopping the Debugger . 5-7 5.5.2 Using Breakpoints ............................ 5-8 5.5.3 Setting and Clearing Breakpoints . 5-8 5.5.4 Stepping Through a Program . 5-9 5.5.5 Viewing and Editing Variables . 5-9 5.6 Customizing GAUSS . 5-10 5.6.1 Preferences Dialog Box . 5-10 5.6.2 Editor Properties . 5-14 5.7 Using GAUSS Keyboard Assignments . 5-15 5.7.1 Cursor Movement Keys . 5-15 5.7.2 Edit Keys . 5-16 5.7.3 Text Selection Keys . 5-17 5.7.4 Command Keys . 5-17 5.7.5 Function Keys . 5-18 5.7.6 Menu Keys . 5-19 6 Matrix Editor 6.1 Using the Matrix Editor .............................. 6-1 6.1.1 Editing Matrices ............................. 6-1 6.1.2 Viewing Variables ............................ 6-3 6.1.3 Matrix Editor Menu Bar . 6-3 7 Library Tool 7.1 Using the Library Tool ............................... 7-1 7.1.1 Managing Libraries . 7-1 7.1.2 Managing the Library Index . 7-1 7.1.3 Managing Library Files . 7-3 v GAUSS User Guide 8 GAUSS Source Browser 8.1 Using the Source Browser in TGAUSS . 8-1 8.2 Using the Source Browser in GAUSS . 8-2 8.2.1 Opening Files From the Source Browser . 8-4 8.2.2 Source Browser Keyboard Controls . 8-4 9 GAUSS Help 9.1 Help Menu ..................................... 9-1 9.2 Context-Sensitive Help .............................. 9-1 9.3 SHIFT+F1 Support ................................. 9-2 9.4 CTRL+F1 Support ................................. 9-2 9.5 ToolTips ...................................... 9-3 9.6 Other Help ..................................... 9-3 10 Language Fundamentals 10.1 Expressions . 10-1 10.2 Statements ..................................... 10-2 10.2.1 Executable Statements . 10-3 10.2.2 Nonexecutable Statements . 10-3 10.3 Programs ...................................... 10-4 10.3.1 Main Section . 10-4 10.3.2 Secondary Sections . 10-5 10.4 Compiler Directives . 10-5 10.5 Procedures ..................................... 10-8 10.6 Data Types ..................................... 10-9 10.6.1 Constants . 10-9 10.6.2 Matrices . 10-11 10.6.3 N-dimensional Arrays . 10-18 10.6.4 Strings . 10-19 10.6.5 String Arrays . 10-23 10.6.6 Character Matrices . 10-25 vi Contents 10.6.7 Date and Time Formats . 10-26 10.6.8 Special Data Types . 10-27 10.7 Operator Precedence . 10-29 10.8 Flow Control . 10-31 10.8.1 Looping . 10-31 10.8.2 Conditional Branching . 10-34 10.8.3 Unconditional Branching . 10-35 10.9 Functions . 10-37 10.10 Rules of Syntax . 10-37 10.10.1 Statements . 10-37 10.10.2 Case . 10-38 10.10.3 Comments . 10-38 10.10.4 Extraneous Spaces . 10-38 10.10.5 Symbol Names . 10-39 10.10.6 Labels . 10-39 10.10.7 Assignment Statements . 10-39 10.10.8 Function Arguments . 10-40 10.10.9 Indexing Matrices . 10-40 10.10.10 Arrays of Matrices and Strings . 10-41 10.10.11 Arrays of Procedures . 10-42 11 Operators 11.1 Element-by-Element Operators . 11-1 11.2 Matrix Operators . 11-4 11.2.1 Numeric Operators . 11-4 11.2.2 Other Matrix Operators . 11-8 11.3 Relational Operators . 11-9 11.4 Logical Operators . 11-13 11.5 Other Operators . 11-16 11.6 Using Dot Operators with Constants . 11-21 11.7 Operator Precedence . 11-22 vii GAUSS User Guide 12 Procedures and Keywords 12.1 Defining a Procedure . 12-2 12.1.1 Procedure Declaration . 12-3 12.1.2 Local Variable Declarations . 12-3 12.1.3 Body of Procedure . 12-4 12.1.4 Returning from the Procedure . 12-5 12.1.5 End of Procedure Definition . 12-5 12.2 Calling a Procedure . 12-6 12.3 Keywords ...................................... 12-7 12.3.1 Defining a Keyword . ..