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DISCLAIMER This presentation reflects the views of the authors only and does not reflect the views or policies of Transport Canada. Neither Transport Canada, nor its employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any information contained in this presentation, or process described herein, and assumes no responsibility for anyone’s use of the information. Cette présentation est disponible en anglais seulement. Looking Forward: Autonomous Vehicles and Accessibility The landscape from an accessibility perspective About CNIB • Celebrating 100 years in 2018, the CNIB Foundation is a non-profit organization driven to change what it is to be blind today. • We deliver innovative programs and powerful advocacy that empowers people impacted by blindness to live their dreams and tear down barriers to inclusion. • Now, as CNIB enters our second century of operation, we're going to be even bolder in tackling the issues before us. Sight loss in Canada • According to Statistics Canada’s 2017 Survey on Disability, 1.5 million Canadians have a vision impairment • An estimated 5.59 million more have an eye disease that could cause sight loss Sight loss in Canada – continued • The four leading causes of sight loss in Canada are: • Cataracts: 3,541,000 people • Age-related macular degeneration: 1,574,000 people • Glaucoma: 294,000 people • Diabetic retinopathy: 749,800 CNIB Research on CAV Technology CNIB, with partial funding from Transport Canada, completed a report and provided the following 7 recommendations: • Accessibility and usability of onboard vehicle interfaces; • Avoiding adoption of signals which rely exclusively on visual queuing to indicate a vehicle's state. • Development of onboard algorithms which will respond appropriately should a pedestrian with sight loss inadvertently find themselves in a crosswalk in the wrong time; • "Smart city" data models need to operate under an open data model facilitating access by systems and mobile apps which enable wayfinding for persons with sight loss; • Future research initiatives need to apply a disability lens; • Adoption of uniform traffic rules across Canada's disparate jurisdictions; and • Richer statistical analysis of road fatalities to capture characteristics of vulnerable road users. • The full report can be found on the CNIB website by searching for autonomous vehicles. Our Research To date, our research has revealed: “In the review of 432 documents relevant to automated vehicles conducted by Cavoli, Phillips, Cohen and Jones (2017), the theme of mobility for people with disabilities appeared in only 19 documents. In fact, one of the least frequently appearing topics was accessibility to automated vehicles.” Source: Cavoli, C., Phillips, B., Cohen, T., & Jones, P. (2017). Social and behavioural questions associated with automated vehicles: A literature review. London: Department for Transport. Navigating streets and sidewalks with sight loss • Ten percent of people with sight loss are completely blind • The rest leverage their remaining sight in many ways! Usability and Accessibility Defined • Identifying pickup/drop off locations • Is this my vehicle? <a href="/goto?url=https://cnib-" target="_blank">https://cnib- </a>my.sharepoint.com/:v:/g/personal/lui_greco_cnib_ca/EZiXEeZ_U45Ln1 RQXYgRQZUBsoI9A6lwMteY48c1Sd4w8w?e=QJt69e Usability and Accessibility Once on board: • Where am I? • How much farther? • Is this my stop? Silent cars a real risk <a href="/goto?url=https://media.jaguar.com/news/2018/10/sound-jaguar-i-pace-protects-" target="_blank">https://media.jaguar.com/news/2018/10/sound-jaguar-i-pace-protects- </a>road-users Silent cars a real risk (continued) Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems - (AVAS) Quiet Road Transport Vehicles (QRTV) <a href="/goto?url=https://globalautoregs.com/rules/205-quiet-road-transport-vehicles" target="_blank">https://globalautoregs.com/rules/205-quiet-road-transport-vehicles </a>European regulations allow the ability of a driver to silent the AVAS; Japan forbids this in their regulations - the EU doesn’t Silent cars a real risk (continued) This notice proposes to amend Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 141, Minimum Sound Requirements for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, to allow manufacturers of hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs) to install a number of driver-selectable pedestrian alert sounds in each HEV they manufacture. … Drivers would be able to select the sound they prefer from the set of sounds installed in the vehicle. <a href="/goto?url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/09/17/2019-19874/federal-" target="_blank">https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/09/17/2019-19874/federal- </a>motor-vehicle-safety-standard-no-141-minimum-sound-requirements-forhybrid-and-electric Society of Automotive Engineers: International Standards Many standards currently exist related to CAV technology and users with disabilities. • See accompanying document; this list may not be 100% complete We all have a role in accessibility • Municipal and Provincial governments can help vulnerable road users by ensuring data becomes uniformly available, requiring each municipality in the country to adhere to the same regulations and standards • Automobile manufacturers can deliver on their promise of level 5 vehicles being fully connected and autonomous – sight, physical limitations, and cognitive ability must not be barriers • Before mass deployment, user acceptance testing of both infrastructure and vehicles must include persons with diverse abilities • The Federal government has a role to play by providing a regulatory framework to guide manufacturers around accessibility requirements for vehicles Conclusion Questions? Lui Greco, Manager Regulatory Affairs The CNIB Foundation <a href="/goto?url=http://www.cnib.ca" target="_blank">[email protected], www.cnib.ca </a>SAE Publications Available from SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 Tel: 877-606- 7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), <a href="/goto?url=http://www.sae.org" target="_blank">www.sae.org</a>.  SAE J1725 Structural Modification for Personally Licensed Vehicles to Meet the Transportation Needs of Persons with Disabilities  SAE J2092 Testing of Wheelchair Lifts for Entry to or Exit from a Personally Licensed Vehicle  SAE J2093 Design Considerations for Wheelchair Lifts for Entry to or Exit from a Personally Licensed Vehicle <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"> SAE J2249 </li><li style="flex:1">Wheelchair Tiedown and Occupant Restraint Systems </li></ul>for Use in Motor Vehicles  SAE J2395 ITS In-Vehicle Message Priority  SAE J2831 Development of Design and Engineering Recommendations for In-Vehicle Alphanumeric Messages  SAE J2988 Guidelines for Speech Input and Audible Output in a Driver Vehicle Interface  SAE J3016 Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles  SAE J3163 Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Shared Mobility and Enabling Technologies Non-SAE Publications  Bhuiyan, J. (2016). Disability advocates to regulators: Consider us when making self-driving laws. Retrieved from <a href="/goto?url=https://www.recode.net/2016/4/27/11586482disability-advocates-to-" target="_blank">https://www.recode.net/2016/4/27/11586482disability-advocates-to- </a>regulators-consider-us-when-making-self  Brinkley, J., Posadas, B., Woodward, J., & Gilbert, J. (2019). Opinions and Preferences of Blind and Low Vision Consumers Regarding SelfDriving Vehicles: Results of Focus Group Discussions. ASSETS, Association for Computing Machinery.  Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017). Persons with a Disability: Labor Force Characteristics Summary. Retrieved from <a href="/goto?url=https://www.bls.gov/news.release/disabl.nr0.htm" target="_blank">https://www.bls.gov/news.release/disabl.nr0.htm </a> Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (2003). Transportation Difficulties Keep Over Half a Million Disabled at Home. BTS(3). Retrieved from <a href="/goto?url=https://www.bts.gov/sites/bts.dot.gov/files/legacy/publications/special" target="_blank">https://www.bts.gov/sites/bts.dot.gov/files/legacy/publications/special </a>_reports_and_issue_briefs/issue_briefs/number_03/pdf/entire.pdf  Campbell, F. (2017). Why Public Transport isn't Working - The Last Mile Problem.  Chang, A., & Gouse, W. (2017). Accessible Automated Driving System Dedicated Vehicles.  Chapman, L. (2012). What Do Self-Driving Vehicles Mean for Disabled <a href="/goto?url=http://www.disabled-" target="_blank">Travelers. Retrieved from https: www.disabled- </a>world.com/disability/transport/autonomous-vehicles.php  Connell, B., Jones,, M, M., R, , Mueller, J., Mullick, A., Ostroff, E., Sanford, J., . . . Vanderheiden, G. (1997). The principles of universal design: Version 2.0. Raleigh, NC: The Center for Universal Design.  Crane, D., Logue, K., & Pilz, B. (2017). A Survey of Legal Issues Arising from the Deployment of Autonomous and Connected Vehicles. Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, 23(2), 191-320.  Douma, F., Lari, A., & Andersen, K. (2016). THE LEGAL OBLIGATIONS, OBSTACLES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUTOMATED AND CONNECTED VEHICLES TO IMPROVE MOBILITY AND ACCESS FOR PEOPLE UNABLE TO DRIVE. Michigan State Law Review, 75, 75-96.  Easton, C. (2014). Driverless cars could change lives for disabled people, if we let them. Retrieved from https: theconversation.com/driverless-cars-could-change-lives-for-disabledpeople-if-we-let-them-30286  Frisbie, T. (2017). Will Autonomous Vehicles Be Accessible to People with Disabilities? Retrieved from http: sharedusemobilitycenter.org/news/will-autonomous-vehicles-beaccessible-to-people-with-disabilities/  Gillespie, M. (2016). Shifting Automotive Landscapes: Privacy and the Right to Travel in the Era of Autonomous Motor Vehicles. Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 50(7), 147-169.  Harper, C., Hendrickson, C., Mangones, S., & Samaras, C. (2016). Estimating potential increases in travel with autonomous vehicles for the non-driving, elderly and people with travel-restrictive medical conditions. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 72, 1-9. doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.09.003  Heussner, K. M. (2009). Retrofitted Car Puts Blind Drivers Behind the <a href="/goto?url=https://abcnews.go.com" target="_blank">Wheel. Retrieved from https://abcnews.go.com </a>Technology/AheadoftheCurve/story?id=8168749&page=1  Inclusive Design Group. (N/A). Inclusive Design Toolkit: What is inclusive design? Retrieved from http: <a href="/goto?url=http://www.inclusivedesigntoolkit.com/whatis/whatis.html" target="_blank">www.inclusivedesigntoolkit.com/whatis/whatis.html </a> Kendrick, D. (2011). The Blind Driver Challenge: Technology that Puts Blind People in the Driver's Seat. Access World Magazine, 12.  McParland, T. (2015). Why Autonomous Cars Could Be The Change Disabled People Need. Retrieved from https: jalopnik.com/whyautonomous-cars-could-be-the-change-disabled-people-1688864804  Mobility-Aids. (N/A). My Car Buckle Mate. Retrieved from <a href="/goto?url=https://www.mobility-aids.com/my-car-buckle-mate.html" target="_blank">https://www.mobility-aids.com/my-car-buckle-mate.html </a> Morris, J. T., Sweatman, W. M., & Jones, M. L. (2017). Smartphone Use and Activities by People with Disabilities: User Survey 2016. Paper presented at the CSUN Assistive Technology Conference.  National Conference of State Legislatures. (2018). Autonomous Vehicles: Self-Driving Vehicles Enacted Legislation. 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