ACP-EU Cooperation Programme in Higher Education (EDULINK) A programme of the ACP Group of States, with the financial assistance of the European Union. CHE 5204 - SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES Introduction to sustainable development and sustainable production, impact of production processes on the environment, sustainable production processes in the chemical, metal and ceramic industries, purpose and implementation of CDM/ JI, Kyoto Protocol, CDM Market, Investments, incentives, opportunities- financing, economics of CDM/ JI projects. Contents 1 Introduction to sustainable development and sustainable production........................................................ 3 1.1 Criteria of sustainable development (from an ecological perspective) .............................................. 6 1.2 General aspects of sustainable economics....................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Global, national and regional aspects of sustainability ................................................................. 7 1.2.2 Sustainability from the aspect of fulfilment of demand.................................................................. 7 1.2.3 Resources aspect of sustainability ............................................................................................... 7 1.3 Recycling management and sustainable development..................................................................... 8 1.3.1 «End-of-pipe»-Technology ........................................................................................................... 9 1.3.2 «Cleaner Production»................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 Goals and functions of recycling management in a sustainable economy.................................... 9 1.3.4 Recycling management in the future ...........................................................................................10 2 Sustainable production processes............................................................................................................10 2.1 Food and agricultural industries.......................................................................................................11 2.1.1 Cleaner food production through cleaner consumption ...............................................................12 2.1.2 Agenda 21 on cleaner food production through sustainable agriculture......................................12 2.1.3 Agri-biotechnology: Promise to provide food without use of agrochemicals ................................12 2.1.4 The Biofertilizer Technology: Safer Alternative to the Destructive Chemical Fertilizers...............13 2.1.5 Biopesticides technology.............................................................................................................17 2.2 Fertilizer Industry .............................................................................................................................19 2.3 Chemical industries .........................................................................................................................19 2.4 Plastics & Polyesters industry..........................................................................................................20 2.5 Mining Industries..............................................................................................................................21 2.5.1 The Clean Coal Mining Technology.............................................................................................22 2.5.2 Reducing Water Consumption in Coal Mining Industry ...............................................................22 2.5.3 Co-disposal of Coal Washery Wastes : A Cleaner Approach ......................................................22 2.5.4 Underground Coal Gasification Technology................................................................................22 2.5.5 The Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Technology.................................................................................23 2.5.6 Cleaner Mining Technologies for Non-fuel Minerals....................................................................24 2.6 Paper Industry .................................................................................................................................24 2.6.1 Manufacturing of paper and cardboard........................................................................................24 2.6.2 Recycling of paper and cardboard...............................................................................................24 2.6.3 Environmental crediting module for paper and cardboard...........................................................25 2.7 Textile & carpet industry ..................................................................................................................26 Page 1 of 73 ACP-EU Cooperation Programme in Higher Education (EDULINK) A programme of the ACP Group of States, with the financial assistance of the European Union. 2.8 Metal industry ..................................................................................................................................28 2.8.1 Cleaner Production in Iron and Steel Industry.............................................................................28 2.8.2 Cleaner Production in Electroplating Industry..............................................................................30 2.8.3 Cleaner Production in Aluminum Industry ...................................................................................31 2.8.4 Cleaner Production in Magnesium Industry.................................................................................31 2.8.5 Cleaner Production in Lead-Acid Battery Industry.......................................................................32 3 Materials from renewable resources.........................................................................................................32 3.1 Cellulose..........................................................................................................................................33 3.2 Paper ...............................................................................................................................................35 3.3 Wood ...............................................................................................................................................38 4 Energy......................................................................................................................................................39 4.1 Renewable Energy resources..........................................................................................................40 4.1.1 Biomass.......................................................................................................................................40 4.1.2 Solar............................................................................................................................................42 4.1.3 Wind ............................................................................................................................................43 4.1.4 Geothermal energy......................................................................................................................45 4.1.5 Water...........................................................................................................................................46 4.2 Technologies ...................................................................................................................................47 4.2.1 Biomass combustion ...................................................................................................................47 4.2.2 Fermentation ...............................................................................................................................48 4.2.3 Photovoltaic cells.........................................................................................................................52 4.2.4 Wind energy ................................................................................................................................53 4.2.5 Geothermal energy......................................................................................................................56 4.2.6 Hydropower.................................................................................................................................57 5 Impact of production processes on the environment ................................................................................59 6 Strategies and indicators..........................................................................................................................59 7 Costs ........................................................................................................................................................59 8 IPP / PIUS ................................................................................................................................................59 9 References...............................................................................................................................................66 Page 2 of 73 ACP-EU Cooperation Programme in Higher Education (EDULINK) A programme of the ACP Group of States, with the financial assistance of the European Union. 1 Introduction to sustainable development and sustainable production «Sustainable