file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM RACE RELATIONS SURVEY 1987/88 CAROLE COOPER JENNIFER SHINDLER COLLEEN McCAUL ROBIN HAMILTON MARY BEALE ALISON CLEMANS LOU-MARIÉ KRUGER MICHAEL MARKOVITZ JON-MARC SEIMON PIERRE BROUARD GLEN SHELTON Research staff South African Institute of Race Relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS JOHANNESBURG 1988 file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM (1 of 1277)25/11/2004 15:53:50 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations Auden House, 68 De Korte Street Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2001 South Africa Copyright South African Institute of Race Relations PD 14/88 ISBN 0-86982-341-8 ISSN 0258-7246 Printed by Galvin & Sales Cape Town PREFACE This is the 52nd annual Race Relations Survey to be published. Previous Surveys concentrated only on the year preceding publication but this volume deals with both the present and the previous year. It covers the whole of 1987 and as much information about 1988 as could be included. Since different chapters are written at different times, some are more up to date than others. The Overview in particular not only describes some of the events of 1987, but also includes major developments up to about the middle of September 1988. The time lag between when events occurred and the date of publication has thus been substantially reduced, an improvement made possible by the introduction this year of desk-top publishing at the Institute. Where the year is omitted from a date that is given, the year in question is 1987 unless the context indicates otherwise. Compilation of the Survey is made more difficult by restrictions on the media and other forms of censorship. Less obviously, it is also complicated by the fragmentation of information arising from the South African constitution. Statistics covering the entire country (ie including all ten of the homelands) are often very difficult to obtain and in some cases do not appear to be kept by anyone. To make matters worse, even official publications, never mind the public media, sometimes do not indicate whether figures relating to some or all of the homelands are included or not. file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM (2 of 1277)25/11/2004 15:53:50 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM For example, the department of national health and population development published a booklet in 1986 saying that South Africa’s population by the year 2000 would be 47m. The booklet did not state whether this figure included or excluded the four independent homelands—the Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and the Ciskei, sometimes known as the TBVC countries. Upon enquiry the department informed the Institute that its figures excluded these four areas, but projections by a private sector economist, based on other official statistics, reached roughly the same figure by the same date, with the four independent homelands included. It was once possible to obtain a figure for spending on African education by asking one minister one question in Parliament. Obtaining such figures today may necessitate approaching ten homeland education departments as well as the central government. This time-consuming difficulty has been with us for some time. It has recently been made more difficult by the introduction of the ‘own affairs’ system. To get a complete statistical picture of education now involves approaching two general affairs ministries of the central government (national education, and education and development aid), three ‘own affairs’ departments (white, coloured, and Indian), and ten homeland administrations—fifteen departments in all. Sometimes it is impossible to obtain a complete picture. For example, the latest figure for per capita spending on African education in white-designated areas is R477. The figures for the four homelands in respect of which this Survey was able to obtain information were all less than this. Figures for the other six homelands were not available. Leaving out the homelands can give an extremely distorted picture. The department of education and training is responsible for African education in the white-designated areas only, and as the present Survey reports, gave the classroom shortage there as 4 524. Other Institute research uncovered a classroom shortage in the independent and non-independent homelands of 33 258. The shortage outside the homelands thus accounts for not much more than 10% of the nation-wide shortage for Africans. Wherever possible this Survey has included statistics for the whole country, including all ten of the homelands. John Kane-Berman Executive Director South African Institute of Race Relations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writers of the 1987/88 Survey wish to thank all those without whose assistance its production would not have been possible. The contributions written by Dr Muriel Horrell and Mr Douglas Booth are file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM (3 of 1277)25/11/2004 15:53:50 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM greatly appreciated. The writers are also indebted to all those people and institutions who provided information, among them government officials, members of parliament, various organisations, companies, trade union officials and academics. The Institute’s librarians, Mrs Ellen Potter and Mr Abdul Bemath, with the help of Mrs Clara Masoga, Ms Prisca Nkungu, Mrs Eunice Halo, Mr Alfred Nkungu, Mrs Sarah Mohale and Ms Mildred Francis, obtained much of the material and provided the press clipping service essential for the compilation of the Survey. The writers also wish to thank Ms Catherine Harrison for proofreading the manuscript, compiling the index, and overseeing the final stages of production. Thanks also go to Mrs Connie Matthews and Ms Sarah Zwane for typing parts of the manuscript and for providing camera-ready pages for the printing of the Survey. The Institute’s thanks are also due to all those who contributed to the production costs of the Survey. They are: Church of Sweden Mission Estate late Mrs Hilde Katz Unisys South Africa (Pty) Limited SmithKline Beckman Corporation The Stella and Paul Loewenstein Charitable and Educational Trust Unilever South Africa (Pty) Limited First National Bank of Southern Africa Limited The Ruth and Anita Wise Charitable and Educational Trust Donaldson Trust Ferro Industrial Products (Pty) Limited The Abe Bailey Trust Eimco Mining Machinery (Pty) Limited Tony Britten and family, in memory of Henry Britten file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM (4 of 1277)25/11/2004 15:53:50 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM The Argus Printing and Publishing Company Limited CONTENTS DETAILED CONTENTS OVERVIEW AFRICAN REMOVALS POPULATION AND RACE CLASSIFICATION POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS TRANSPORT GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION EDUCATION HOUSING RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS SOCIAL SEGREGATION SPORT EMPLOYMENT BUSINESS THE ECONOMY WELFARE URBANISATION THE GROUP AREAS ACT file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM (5 of 1277)25/11/2004 15:53:50 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM SECURITY LABOUR RELATIONS POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS HEALTH THE MEDIA THE HOMELANDS LEGISLATION DETAILED CONTENTS OVERVIEW AFRICAN REMOVALS Statistics Regional Developments Cape Province Natal Transvaal Central Transvaal Eastern Transvaal Northern Transvaal Western Transvaal file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM (6 of 1277)25/11/2004 15:53:50 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM ‘Squatters’ POPULATION AND RACE CLASSIFICATION Population Control Race Classification ‘Mixed Marriages’ Immigration and Emigration ‘Illegal’ Emmigrants POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS Political Violence Casualties Political Disturbances The Conflict in Natal Course of Events Attacks on Individuals Attacks on Policemen and Soldiers Attacks on Members of Legislatures and Town Councillors Attacks on Anti-Apartheid Activists and Organisations Other Attacks Conflict Between Groups Azanian People’s Organisation (AZAPO) and the United Democratic Front (UDF) Inkatha Yenkululeko Yesizwe/United Democratic Front (UDF)/African National Congress (ANC) file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM (7 of 1277)25/11/2004 15:53:50 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201987-88.HTM Vigilantes White Vigilantes Homeland Vigilantes Other Vigilantes Insurgency Statistics Major Incidents Attacks Outside the Country Consumer Action Rent Boycotts TRANSPORT Policy White Paper on National Transport Policy Proposals Regarding