Technical Handbook for Radio Monitoring HF Edition 2013 2 Dipl.- Ing. Roland Proesch Technical Handbook for Radio Monitoring HF Edition 2013 Description of modulation techniques and waveforms with 259 signals, 448 pictures and 134 tables 3 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2013 Dipl.- Ing. Roland Proesch Email: [email protected] Production and publishing: Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany Cover design: Anne Proesch Printed in Germany Web page: www.frequencymanager.de ISBN 9783732241422 4 Acknowledgement: Thanks for those persons who have supported me in the preparation of this book: Aikaterini Daskalaki-Proesch Horst Diesperger Luca Barbi Dr. Andreas Schwolen-Backes Vaino Lehtoranta Mike Chase Disclaimer: The information in this book have been collected over years. The main problem is that there are not many open sources to get information about this sensitive field. Although I tried to verify these information from different sources it may be that there are mistakes. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you discover any wrong description. 5 6 Content 1 LIST OF PICTURES 19 2 LIST OF TABLES 29 3 REMOVED SIGNALS 33 4 GENERAL 35 5 DESCRIPTION OF WAVEFORMS 37 1.1 Analogue Waveforms 37 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 37 Double Sideband reduced Carrier (DSB-RC) 38 Double Sideband suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) 38 Single Sideband full Carrier 39 Single Sideband reduced Carrier (SSB-RC) 40 Single Sideband suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) 40 Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) 40 Independent Sideband Modulation (ISB) 41 Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB) 42 Frequency Modulation (FM) 42 Wide Frequency Modulation (WFM) 43 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis 45 1.2 Digital Waveforms 46 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 46 On-Off-Keying (OOK) 46 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 47 Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK) 48 Double Frequency Shift Keying (DFSK) 49 Constant Envelope 4-Level Frequency Modulation (C4FM) 49 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 50 Tamed Frequency modulation (TFM) 51 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) 51 Multi Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK) 52 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 53 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 53 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 55 Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) 57 Staggered Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (SQPSK) 57 Compatible Differential Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (CQPSK) 57 Coherent Phase Shift Keying (CPSK) 58 Differential Coherent Phase Shift Keying (DCPSK) 58 8PSK Modulation 58 7 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) 59 Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) 59 Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) 59 Differential 8 Phase Shift Keying (D8PSK) 59 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 60 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 62 Spread Spectrum (SS) 63 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 63 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 64 Incremental Frequency Keying (IFK) 64 Analogue Pulse Modulation 65 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 65 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 65 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) 65 Digital Pulse Modulation 66 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 66 Delta Modulation 67 1.3 Description of modulation states 68 Asynchronous Data Transmission 68 Synchronous Data Transmission 68 Simplex 69 Duplex 69 Half duplex 69 Semi duplex 69 1.4 Baud Rate, Bit Rate, Symbol Rate 70 Bit rate 70 Symbol rate 70 Baud rate 70 1.5 Data formats 71 NRZ (Non Return to Zero) 72 NRZ (S) (Non Return to Zero - Space) 72 NRZ (M) (Non Return to Zero - Mark) 72 Bi-Ф-L (Biphase Level) 72 Bi-Ф-S (Biphase Space) 72 Bi-Ф- M (Biphase Mark) 72 1.6 Coding 73 Code 73 Codes in communication used for brevity 73 An example: the ASCII code 73 Interleaving in error-correction coding 74 Interleaving examples 74 Codes to detect or correct errors 75 Error-correcting code (ECC) 75 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 75 Convolutional code 76 Viterbi algorithm 77 8 Reed-Solomon error correction 77 Overview of the method 77 Properties of Reed-Solomon codes 78 Use of Reed-Solomon codes in optical and magnetic storage 78 Timeline of Reed-Solomon development 79 Satellite technique: Reed-Solomon + Viterbi coding 79 Turbo code 79 Shannon-Hartley theorem 80 Theorem 80 Examples 81 1.7 Used code tables 82 ITA2, ITA2P and ITA3(CCIR342-2) 82 Russian MTK2 83 CCIR476-4, HNG-FEC, PICCOLO MK VI 84 ITA 2 P 85 ITA 3 85 CCIR 476 85 ASCII / CCITT 5 85 1.8 Channel access methods 91 Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) 91 Time division multiple access (TDMA) 91 Code division multiple access (CDMA) 92 Orthogonal Frequency multiple access (OFDMA) 92 1.9 The OSI Reference Model 93 The Physical Layer 93 The Data Link Layer 94 The Network Layer 94 The Transport Layer 95 The Session Layer 96 The Presentation Layer 96 The Application Layer 96 1.10 Protocols 97 Automatic repeat ReQuest Protocol (ARQ protocol) 97 Pure Stop and Wait ARQ 97 Go Back N ARQ 98 Selective Repeat ARQ 98 Polling 98 ACP127 99 STANAG 4406 Messaging 99 STANAG 5066 100 X.25 101 RSX.25 106 Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) 107 Codan Automated Link Management (CALM) 109 1.11 Designation of Emissions 110 9 Determination of Necessary Bandwidths 114 1.12 Table of system and user sorted by Baud rate 123 6 HF MODES 137 General Information 137 Spectrum 137 Sonagram 137 Oscilloscope 137 Phase Spectrum 137 Phase Plane 138 Speed Bit Analyses 138 Bit Correlation, Autocorrelation Function (ACF) 138 1. AFS Navy FSK 139 2. ALE 3G 139 3. ALE400 142 4. ALIS 143 5. ALIS 2 144 6. ARD9800 OFDM 36ch Modem 145 7. ARQ-E 146 8. ARQ-E3 146 9. ARQ-M2 148 10. ARQ-M4 148 11. ARQ-S 149 12. ARQ-SWE 150 13. ARQ 6-70S 151 14. ARQ 6-90/98 151 15. ASCII 152 16. AUM-13 152 17. AUS MIL ISB Modem 153 18. AUTOSPEC 154 19. Baudot ITA No.2 155 Baudot Code 156 Murray Code 156 Western Union Code 157 ITA2 Code 157 20. Baudot–ARQ System 158 21. Baudot F7B 158 22. Baudot Sync 159 23. BEE 160 24. BR 6028 160 25. BR 6029C Time Diversity Modem 161 26. BUL 107.53 Bd 162 27. BUL ASCII 162 28. CCIR 493 SELCALL 163 29. CHN MIL 4MFSK 164 30. CHN MIL 8MFSK 165 31. CHN MIL 64FSK 166 32. CHN MIL Hybrid Modem (4FSK-OFDM20) 168 10 33. CHN MIL Hybrid Modem (4FSK-8FSK-OFDM19) 169 34. CHN MIL Hybrid Modem (8FSK-PSK) 170 35. CHN 4+4 Modem 172 36. CHIP 64/128 173 37. CIS 11 174 38. CIS 12 175 39. CIS 12 ARQ 176 40. CIS 14 177 41. CIS 150 Bd SELCAL 177 42. CIS 16x75 Bd 178 43. CIS 36-50 179 44. CIS 405-3915 180 45. CIS 50-17 Baudot 181 46. CIS 50-50 182 47. CIS 81-29 183 48. CIS 81-81 184 49. CIS 200-1000 184 50. CIS 500 Bd FSK Burst Modem 185 51. CIS 1280 Bd Modem 186 52. CIS 3000 Bd Modem 187 53. CIS 4FSK 96 Bd 187 54. CIS 4FSK 100 Bd 188 55. CIS 4FSK 150 Bd 189 56. CIS-ARQ 190 57. CIS AT-3004 Modem 192 58. CIS BPSK 192 59. CIS MFSK-20 194 60. CIS 45/60/93/112/128 Channel OFDM 195 45 tone OFDM variant 1 195 45 tone OFDM variant 2 195 45 tone OFDM variant 3 195 60 tone OFDM variant 1 196 60 tone OFDM variant 2 196 93 tone OFDM 196 112 tone OFDM 197 128 tone OFDM 197 61. CIS VFT 3 Channels 100 Bd 198 62. CIS VFT 3 Channels 144 Bd 198 63. Clansman FSK Modem 200 64. Clover 200 65. Clover II 202 66. Clover 2000 203 Error-Correction Coding 204 Selective ARQ Repeat 205 Signal Format 205 Modulation Formats 205 Data Modes 205 Data Throughput (Bps) 205 67. Clover 2500 206 68. Coachwhip 207 69. CODAN 207 11 CODAN 4 Channel mode 208 CODAN 8 Channel Mode 208 CODAN 12 Channel Mode 209 70. CODAN Chirp mode 209 71. CODAN Selcall 210 72. Contestia 211 73. Coquelet 8 212 74. Coquelet 8 FEC 214 75. Coquelet 100 214 76. Coquelet 13 215 77. CROWD 36 216 78. CROWD 36 Selective Calling 217 79. CW 218 80. CW-F1B 219 81. D AF VFT 219 82. DGPS 219 TX numbers 220 Message types 221 Type 3 Message 221 Type 5 Message 221 Type 7 Message 221 Type 9 Message 221 Type 9-3 Message 221 Type 9-1 Message 222 Type 16 Message 223 DGPS Message Scheduling 223 Type 3 Message 223 Type 5 Message 223 Type 7 Message 223 Type 9 Message 224 Type 16 Message 224 83. DominoF 224 84. DominoEX 225 85. DPRK ARQ 600 Bd 226 86. DPRK ARQ 1200 Bd 228 87. DPRK FSK 600 FEC 229 88. DPRK BPSK Modem 229 DPRK 150 Bd BPSK 230 DPRK 300 Bd BPSK 230 DPRK 600 Bd BPSK 230 DPRK 1200 Bd BPSK 231 89. DRM 231 Stream Multiplexer 232 Fast Access Channel (FAC) 232 Service Description Channel (SDC) 233 Main Service Channel (MSC) 233 Transmission Frame 233 MPEG-4 234 Advanced Audio Encoding (AAC) 234 MPEG CELP 234 Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding 234 12 Multilevel Coding 234 90. DRM – WinDRM 235 91. DUP-ARQ 236 92. DUP-ARQ II 238 93. DUP-FEC II 238 94. ECHOTEL 1810 HF Modem 239 95. ECHOTEL 1820 HF Modem 239 96. F7B-195.3 Bd 4-Tone 241 97. Fax 242 98. FEC-A 246 99. G-TOR 246 100. Globe Wireless Pactor 248 101. Globe Wireless Single Tone Modem 249 102.