Under Construction Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. All Copyright Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Edited by Rosemarijn Hoefte KITLV, Leiden Henk Schulte Nordholt KITLV, Leiden Editorial Board Michael Laffan Princeton University Adrian Vickers Sydney University Anna Tsing University of California Santa Cruz VOLUME 246 Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. All Copyright The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vki Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. Under Construction The Politics of Urban Space and Housing during the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960 By Freek Colombijn With the assistance of Martine Barwegen Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. All Copyright LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. This hardback was originally published in paperback by KITLV Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, in 2010 under ISBN 9789067182911. Cover illustration: Creja ontwerpen, Leiderdorp. House under construction in Kebayoran Baru (front page Sociaal Spectrum van Indonesië 3(1) 1949). Library of Congress Control Number: 2013951262 ISSN 1572-1892 ISBN 978-90-04-25864-8 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26393-2 (e-book) Copyright 2010 by Freek Colombijn This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of off prints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re‐use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. All Copyright Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. Contents Abbreviations ix List of figures and tables x Preface xiii I Introduction 1 Decolonization 6 Urban space and ethnicity 13 Housing 19 Methodology 21 Six portraits, one story 24 Conclusion 26 II A political and spatial history of Indonesian cities 29 The Dutch colonial period 30 The Japanese period 36 The Indonesian Revolution 46 The postcolonial democratic experiment 54 Runaway urbanization 65 Conclusion 69 PART ONE URBAN SPACE: RACE AND SOCIAL CLASS III Race, class, and spatial segregation 73 Ethnic divisions in colonial times 77 The case for racial segregation 82 Social class divisions 85 The housing market 92 Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. Copyright Race, social class and spatial segregation 96 Live histories 97 Conclusion 100 Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. vi Contents IV Life in the kampongs 103 Kampongs: chaos or order 104 Living conditions in kampongs 111 Social composition of kampongs 117 Indigenous and European types of houses 123 Urban planning 133 Conclusion 138 V Land tenure 141 Formal and informal forms of ownership 143 Local diversity and spatial patterns of land tenure 156 Insecurity of land tenure during decolonization 164 Conclusion 177 PART TWO HOUSING: INSECURITY AND OPPORTUNITY VI Housing in the kampong; The contest between dwellers and 183 the government Strategies of kampong improvement 184 Boon or burden of kampong improvement 194 The size of the investments 199 Squatting: the spread of mushrooms in the wet season 207 1950-1954: ad hoc moves against squatters 211 1954-1956: concerted actions 215 After 1956: facing the facts 221 Conclusion 224 VII The housing crisis during the years of turmoil 229 Housing shortages 231 The crisis in Jakarta 241 Tensions between the Army and the civil government 249 Tensions between the civil government and private property owners 253 Tensions between corporate enterprise, the military, and the state 258 The Housing Allocation Bureaus 263 Conclusion 273 Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. Copyright VIII Post-war reconstruction and the recommencement of urban planning 277 A Japanese-Indonesian think-tank 279 Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. Contents vii Reconstruction of eastern Indonesia 281 Post-war urban planning 288 Kebayoran Baru 297 Conclusion 307 IX Construction; Public housing and the private sector 311 The building sector 313 Real-estate developers 317 Company housing 320 Private house owners 322 Public housing in colonial times 325 The end of the NV Volkshuisvesting corporations 333 Public housing in independent times 336 The balance sheet of public housing in the 1950s 343 The rise of the concept of self-help housing 348 Conclusion 352 X Strategies of landlords and tenants 355 The composition of the rental sector 356 Housing agencies 363 How landlords and tenants reacted to fluctuations on the rental market 368 The rental market after 1945 373 The Rent Tribunals 379 Forum shopping 384 Conclusion 388 XI Conclusion 393 A landscape of chaos 393 ‘Race’ and class 396 Becoming a developing state 402 Three ugly legacies of the housing crisis 405 Surviving the chaos 407 National integration 409 The politics of housing during the long decolonization 411 Appendix 1. Population figures of Indonesia’s major cities 413 Bibliography 417 Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. Copyright Index 463 Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. Copyright Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. Abbreviations ANRI Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia DPD Dewan Pemerintahan Daerah DPRD Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah NA Nationaal Archief NEFIS/CMI Netherlands Forces Intelligence Service/Centrale Militaire Inlichtingendienst NICA Netherlands Indies Civil Administration PN Pengadilan Negeri PT Pengadilan Tinggi RI Republik Indonesia Copyright © 2013. BRILL. All rights reserved. © 2013. BRILL. Copyright Colombijn, Freek. Isbn;9789067182911 : Under Construction: the Politics of Urban Space and Housing During the Decolonization of Indonesia, 1930-1960, BRILL, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/perpusnas-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1582258. Created from perpusnas-ebooks on 2020-04-12 10:34:45. List of figures and tables Figures 1 The removal of the Jan-Pieterszoon Coen monument, Jakarta 42 2 Becak in Japanese times 44 3 Inside a tram in Japanese times 44 4 Municipal council (DPRD) in Bandung under construction, 1955 56 5 National Monument in Jakarta under construction in the early 1960s 64 6 Population of major cities, 1920-1960 66 7 Population of medium-sized cities, 1920-1960 67 8 Chinese quarter of Batavia, circa 1930 83 9 Kampong in Surabaya, late 1910s 104 10 Map of kampongs in Semarang 105 11 Kampong in Semarang around 1930 106 12 Petak multi-family dwelling in kampong Malokoe, Makassar 109 13 Subdivided kampong house 115 14 Middle-class house in Medan, circa 1930 127 15 Middle-class house in Semarang, circa 1930 128 16 Blueprint of a middle-class dwelling, 1912 129 17 Blueprint of a small villa, 1948 130 18 House designed by Liem Bwan Tjie for Tan Hong Hie, Semarang, 1941 131