Singapore THE STRUCTURE OF THE TOBA BATAK CONVERSATIONS Hilman Pardede, Padang Sidempuan, May 25, 1960. He graduated from PressInternational English Program of North Sumatera THE STRUCTURE University in 1987. In the year of 1992 he took Magister Program in IKIP Malang, OF THE TOBA BATAK then he went to Doctoral Program in linguistics at North Sumatera University CONVERSATION in the year of 2007. In 2008, he attended a Sandwich Program in Aurbun THEBATAK CONVERSATION TOBA OF University, Alabama, USA. In 2010, he was a speaker in the International Seminar in Trang, Thailand. He presented a paper entitled “Adjecancy Pair in Toba STRUCTURE THE Batak”. HILMAN PARDEDE This book is about the structure of the Toba Batak Conversations. The structures are categorized as interaction and linguistics. The interaction structures are restricted to adjacency pairs and turn-taking, and the linguistic structure to phonological, grammatical and semantic completion point. There are some negative cases in the structure of Toba Batak conversations. These negative cases result from the Conversation HILMAN PARDEDE Analysis (CA) as a tool used to explain the interaction and linguistic structure in Toba Batak phenomena. ISBN: Singapore International Presss Singapore International Press 2012 THE STRUCTURE OF THE TOBA BATAK CONVERSATIONS Hilman Pardede Singapore International Press 2012 THE STRUCTURE OF THE TOBA BATAK CONVERSATIONS By Hilman Pardede, Ph.D A Lecturer in English Language Teaching for Universitas HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar – Medan, Indonesia @Hilman Pardede, Ph.D ISBN: First Edition 2012 Singapore Do not circulate this book or any part of it in any binding or form by means of any equipment without any legal permission from Hilman Pardede, Ph.D! Prodeo et Patricia 2 For Lissa Donna Manurung and Claudia Benedita Pardede 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deep gratitude to all those who lent their assistance and advice in the preparation and publication of this book. First, thanks go to Paitoon M. Chaiyanara, Ph.D., a professor in Linguistics for National Institute of Nanyang Technological University Singapore for his valuable guidance and advice during the process of publication of this book. Second, the writer’s thanks should go to Drs. Sanggam Siahaan, M.Hum., for his suggestions and cooperation that enables the writer to complete this book. The writer’s sincere appreciations are addressed to Prof. Tengku Silvana Sinar, MA, Ph.D as chairman of Linguistic Program of Post Graduate school of North Sumatera University and Prof. Amrin Saragih, Ph.D., for their advice during the research from the beginning up to the end of the work. His thanks also go to Prof. Dr. Robert Sibarani, MS., for the assistance given which enables him to revise the construction of the research. To James, the English man who fully read the draft of the book. He is indebted to Dr. Jongkers Tampubolon, the Rector of HKBP Nommensen University, for the facilities given that he could participate in any activities pertaining to the publication of the book. Last but not least, he must express deepest gratitude to Lissa Donna Manurung and Claudia Benedita Pardede, for unfailing love, patience, and sage advice. Above all, He thanks God for His blessings. Singapore, 2012 Hilman Pardede 4 PREFACE This book is about a research focused on Conversation Analysis (CA) regarding the structure of Adjecancy Pair (AP) , Turn-Taking , and Linguistic Completion Points in Toba Batak (TB) conversations. The purposes are to explain: a) how the AP of TB conversation operates, b) how the end of turn is grammatically, intonationally, and semantically projected, and c) how the Turn-Taking in TB conversation operates. The main theory used is CA theory by Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974). This theory assumes that there are four basic assumptions in conversation, they are: a) conversation is structurally organized, b) conversation is jointly produced among participants, c) conversation is contextual, and d) conversation is locally managed. Since conversation is structurally organized and sequentially constrained, there can be found structural approach, that is, adjacency pairs. This exemplifies structural organization as well as orderly sequence of interaction in conversation. Adjacency pairs give slot to the next position whether responded or not. When the first is not responded, the second would be noticeably absent, that leads to a repair actions. As the joint production among participants, recipients show his or her intersubjectivity as the understanding and inferences of the the speaker’s utterance. Again, when recipients do not show his or her intersubjectivity, the speaker may reply with repair work in the next slot, which is called the third position repair. Since conversation is locally managed, it implies that turn-by-turn organization of conversation can be analyzed. The research was conducted using qualitative method. The data were collected based on audio recording and video recording of mundane conversation or casual talk which constitute fifty texts of conversations. These texts are categorized into two, 5 they are forty texts dealing with Adjecancy Pair and ten texts dealing with Turn-Taking. The analysis is based on CA, that is sequential analysis. The results of the research are: 1) AP of question-answer in TB conversation is not a basic component in selecting the next speaker, 2) Noticably absent, other than showing a device to make a repair, it is used to show AP of greeting-greeting, 3) AP of question-answer shows greeting-greeting when the answer to the question is not informative, 4) AP of greeting-greeting, horas-horas is unique and typical as it is a basic component and able to perform as congratulation-response, leavetaking- leavetaking, 5) AP of summon-answer shows greeting-greeting since the summon is not responded by an answer, 6) APs of question-answer, greeting-greeting, and summon-answer are related, 7) Post-offer occurs in TB conversation, 8) AP of invitation embody three kinds of sequence: pre-expansion, post-expansion, inserted-sequence, 9) APs of offer and invitation are related, 10) The AP of accusation has a denial response in SPP as preferred, 11) AP of compliment in TB conversation has a downgrading response in SPP, 12) AP of complaint has a denial response in SPP as preferred. It is formulated in disafiliation, 13) APs of acquisition, compliment, and complaint are related, 14) The first rule of turn-taking (CSSN) is not always applicable in TB conversation, 15) Long silence occurs in lapse, 16) The ends of turn which are grammatically, intonationally, and semantically projected occur in TB conversation, 17) The rules of Turn-Taking and the organization such as silence, overlapping talk, and repair are applicable in TB conversation, 18) Turn-taking are not culturally bound. The findings imply that learning the adjacency pairs of foreign language can not depend only on the mechanical structure, but on the ritual constraint, and this is also effective in the first 6 language (TB). On the other hand, there is a room for turn- taking to be further studied based on ritual constraint. It is concluded that there are negative cases in AP and turn- taking of TB. Singapore, 2012 Hilman Pardede 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Theoretical Framework of The Study........... 22 Figure 2: Data Analysis Procedure…………………… 33 Figure 3: Ellaboration of Analysis Procedure ………. 34 Figure 4: Toba Batak Conversation and The constraint…………………………………… 133 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Similarity between Toba Batak words, Malay, and Sankrit …………………… 18 Table 2: Turn Allocation and Its constraint …………... 124 Table 3; Ellaboration of negative cases ……………...... 134 9 LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1: Question-Answer……………………………. 109 Chart 2: Greeting-Greeting …………………………… 109 Chart 3: Summon-Answer …………………………… 109 Chart 4: Offer-Ac/Rj ……..…………………………… 110 Chart 5: Invitation -Ac/Rj……………………………… 111 Chart 6: AP mechanism of Acc-D…..………………… 111 Chart 7: AP mechanism of Cpm-Rj………………….. 112 Chart 8: AP mechanism of Cpn-Rj ………………….. 112 Chart 9: Relation among AP Mechanism in Q-A, G-G, S-A ……………………………… 115 Chart10:Relation between APs of Offer and Invitation ………………………… 117 Chart11: Relationship among Ac-D, Cpm-Rj, Cpn-Rj…. ………………… 119 Chart12:TCU, TRP, and Completion Points in Toba Batak Conversation………………… 121 10 LIST OF TRANSCRIPTION SYMBOLS Sequencing [ point of overlap onset; ] point of which utterance terminates = no gap between lines (latching utterances). When the same speaker continues on the next line latching signs are not used Timed intervals (0.0) Lapsed time in tenths of a second e.g. (0.5) Speech production characteristics word underline indicates speaker emphasis; ! animated and emphatic tone; ? rising intonation, not necessarily a question; he.he. laughter particles Continuers e indicate intention to start a turn i enthusiatic tone = I agree a lot 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CA = Conversation Analysis TB = Toba Batak TBL = Toba Batak Language = Toba Batak AP (s) = Adjacency Pair(s) TRP = Transition Relevance Place TCU = Turn Construction Unit FPP = First Pair Part SPP = Second Pair Part CSSN = Current Speaker Selects Next SS = Self Select SC = Speaker Continuation G = Greeting Q = Question A = Answer O = Offer S = Summon I = Invitation/interruption NI = Non-interruption D = Denial Rj = Rejection Acc = Acceptance Ac = Acusation Cpm = Compliment Cpn = Complaint SISR = Self-initiated, Self-repair OISR = Other-initiated, Self-repair SIOR = Self-initiated, Other-repair OIOR = Other-initiated, Other-repair CU = Collaborative Utterance TO = Terminal Overlap 12 CT = Choral Talk NI = Non-interruption RG = Respond to Greeting RA = Required Answer UA = Unrequired Answer RR = Required Response UR = Unreqired Response PS = Post Sequence CTS = Closing Third Sequence Ass = Assessment 13 LIST OF PICTURES Picture 1. A conversation about papaya ………………..38 Picture 2. A conversation about asking direction ………..39 Picture 3. A conversation at a fishing pool ……………. 40 Picture 4. A conversation about statue ………………… 64 Picture 5. A conversation in a coffee-counter …………...65 Picture6. A conversation about a coupon-number ……..72 Picture 7.