A.D. E EARCH" DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACTS UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNAnONAL DEVELOPMENT [A.I.D.) Volume 9, Number 4, 1981 TN-AAA-034 FROM THE EDITOR Hunger, Applied Research, and Institutional Outreach "The challenge .,. of feeding a hungry world ... is not to devise new ways by which the United States can feed the world but how to enable others to feed themselves." -Dr. N. C. Brady Senior Assistant Administrator Bureau for'Science and Technology Agency for International Development Hunger-chronic malnutrition-affects between 450 million and not always accept the new varieties and because, even when 1 billion people each year. In 1980, the Presidential Commis'­ they do, yields are one-third less than experimental results due sion on World Hunger concluded that the most basic human to such production constraints as lack of access· to seeds, right is the right to food and recommended "the United States fertilizers, pesticides, soil amendments, water control method­ make elimination of hunger the primary focus of its relationships ologies, storage facilities, -and agricultural credit that viable with the developing countries beginning with the decade of the development institutions could ·provide. 1980's". Perseverance in research and institutional support is evi­ In a January 1981 response to the Commission, AID.'s Techni­ denced in StUdy Number 44 of IRRl's Research Paper Series. cal Program Committee for Agriculture (TPCA) proposes that This study, described in item 040 in this issue of AROA, reports hunger be eliminated by "increasing food production and findings on a new rice variety-IR42-bred to outyield the expanding purchasing power" of the hungry. Reasoning that miracle rices by reducing dependence on constraints beyond most developing countries depend heavily on agriculture, the farmer control. In unfavorable environments in South and TPCA argues that agriculture must become the means to Southeast Asia, IR42 gave higher yields than earlier improved "create employment and raise income as well as produce varieties in rainfed areas and in areas with soil nutrient deficien­ food." As summarized in item 113 of this issue of AROA, the cies or toxicities. IR42 also demonstrated good resistance to a TPCA recommends that ALD. make its antihunger efforts wide range of diseases and insects and exhibited better optimally effective by stressing the development of self-sustain­ drought and submergence tolerance than its precursors. ing, indigenous research institutions capable of promoting Other papers in the IRRI research series announced in this viable small-farm production and marketing systems. issue describe progress in nitrogen fertilizers for rice (item In further defining AI.D.'s antihunger strategy, Dr. N. C. Brady, 024), quality of milled rice (042), insect control methodologies in a speech at the University of Maryland on World Food Day, (034), yield stability in problem soils (035), insect resistance October 17, 1981, stated that ALD. assists "... developing (036), plant genetics in the host-parasite relationship (041) and nations to strengthen their own institutional, scientific, and a deepwater rice variety of Bangladesh (044). human capabilities to overcome their own food and hunger But IRRl's institutional responsibilities and programs extend problems through solutions of their own choosing." In opera­ beyond research on improved rice varieties. IRRI also conducts tional terms, ALD. "... provides technical assistance to devel­ research on such topics as the effects of the new rice technolo­ oping countries in many fields ..."; strengthens ", .. agricultur­ gy on the use of family labor (015), changes in villagers' income al institutions and trains agricultural personnel, educators, and distribution and community institutions (072), and causal con­ health workers."; and makes "... substantial investments in nections between more than 20 years of climate and weather research by providing 25 percent of the annual support for the data and crop performance (002). IRRI also maintains a com­ international agricultural research centers, and through collab­ puterized germplasma data bank permitting automated retriev­ orative research with U.S. agricultural universities." al of information on 41,000 cultivars in the world rice collection (001 ). Considering that more than one-third of the world's people depend on rice for roughly one-half of their protein and caloric In addition, to ensure exchange of research results and related intake, the International Rice Research Institute (lRRI) in the development information with other concerned international Philippines is an excellent example of the type of institution institutions, IRRI disseminates proceedings of symposia it co­ AI.D. has in mind to help solve the world hunger problem. sponsors on such topics as the agrometeorology of rice pro­ duction (003) and soil-related constraints to tropical food Historically, investments in basic and applied research and in production (004). IRRI also publishes solely-sponsored texts institutional outreach have generated high rates of return. such as item 043 which synthesizes for rice scientists the Recall, for example, that during the Green Revolution, predic­ current knowledge' on the crop physiology of rice and on tions of food self-sufficiency for developing countries accompa­ attainment of high yields. nied introduction of the "miracle rices." And yet today, in spite of technological breakthroughs, rice production is not keeping pace with population growth. Why? In part, because farmers do (continued on inside back cover) TABLE OF CONTENTS- Page -1)~. SUBJECTS AND DOCUMENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST .................. ii ·.• QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT ARDA iii'" . GNP USER'S GUIDE TO ARDA CITATIONS. ........ .. ........ .. .. .. ......... iv ABSTRACTS OF R&D BY T SUBJECT FIELDS Item Numbers ~ .~ AGRICULTURE ijiiII, A. General 001-014 1 lMllleS B. Administration 015-016 7 C. Aquaculture ',' ,, 017-020 8 D. Fertilizer 021-025 10 E. Irrigation , 026-027 12 F. Livestock : ,: 028-032 13 , G. Plant Diseases , , 033-036 15 H. Plant Science , 037-045 17 DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ~ ,- 046-051 21 ECONOMICS 052-084 24 ENVIROI\JNlENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES A. General ,.. 085-089 39 B. Profiles 090-095 41 HEALTH ,; 096':103 44 HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 104-110 48 NUTRITION , 111-115 51 POPULATION 116-122 54 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A. General ............................................... .. 123-131 57 B. Country Specific Environmental Profiles 090-095 61 TRANSPORTATION : : 140-150 65 ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS , ' 70 ORDER FORM ,........... 71 COMBINED GEOGRAPHICAL, AUTHOR,' AND .. '. ISSUING ORGANIZATION INDEX : '. .... 73 CONTRACT/GRANT INDEX ', .: ,.. .. .... .. 76 ARDA is published quarterly by the United States Agency for International Development. Washington, D.C. SUBJECTS AND DOCUMENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST DOCUMENTS OF SPECIACINTEREST Item No. An 'Analysis of Grain Storage in Three Interior Sahel Countries ..... 0 0 0 0 ••••••• Co .' 0 010 The Contribution of Varietal Tolerance for "Problem Soils to Yield Stability in Rice .. 0 035 A Critique of Traditional Agricultural Credit Projects and Policies .. 0 •• 0 0 •• 0 •••••• 0 066 Development Assistance in Forestry: An AID. Policy Background Paper 00' ••••• o. 086 The Economics of V!llage-Level Forestry: A Methodological Framework; Final Report 0 •••• '0 0 0 0 0 0 ••••••• 0 0 0 • 0 •• •• 0 0 0 0 0 ••••••• 0 0 •••••• 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 ••• 0 • 0 • • • • • •• 088 The Effect of PoL.A80 Wheat Imports on Latin American Countries 0 • 0 0 •••••••• 0 0 o. 071 ~ Energy in The Food System; Dominican Republic ..... 0 0 0 • 0 •••••• 0 0 ••• ••••• 0 • o' 139 Experimental Designs for Predicting Crop Productivity with Environmental and Economic Inputs for Agrotechnology Transfer : 0 •••••••• 0 • 0 •••• 0 •• 007 Fertilizer Manual . 0 •••••••• , •••••••• 0 0 •••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••• 0 0 0 •••••••• 0 023 Food Potential of Aquatic Macrophytes . 0 •••••• 0 o. 0 •••••• 00 •••••• 0 0 0 0 •• o' 017 Food Production Problems of Small Farmers in Low-Technology Nations: Some ~ Evidence from Nigeria 0" 0 ••••••• 0 • 0 0 •••••• 0 •• 0 0 • ••••• 0 ••••••• 0 • 0 0 0 ••••••• 011 Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science 0 0 0 0 ••••• 0 0 •••••• 0 0 0 0 0 ••••••• 0 0 •• o' 043 Germplasm Bank Information Retrieval System 0 • 0 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 0 •• 0 •••• 0 0 0 0 • 0 •• 001 Health for Humanity: The Private Sector in Primary Health Care .. 0 0 0 0 ••••• 0 0 • 0 0 o' 098 Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Farming Systems. 0 •• 0 0 0 ••• 0 •• 0 • 0 ••• 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 020 Integrated Improvement Program for the Urban Poor: An Orientation for Project Design and Implementation; Volumes I-II .. 0 0 0 ••••• 0 • 0 ••••••• 0 0 • 0 ••••••• 00 109-110 IR42:A Rice Type for Small Farmers in South and Southeast Asia 0 •••••• 000 •••••• 041 Nutrition Impacts of Livestock Development Among Pastoral Peoples .. 0 0 0 •••••••• 114 Nutritional Consequences of Rural-Urban Migration ....<.. 0 0 ••••••• 0 0 ••••••• 0 0 0 0 115 The Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies in the Rural Postharvest Food System in Developing Countries 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •• 137 Priorities for Alleviating Soil-Related Constraints to Food Production in the Tropics . 004 Quality Characteristics of Milled Rice in Different Countries 0 ••• 0 0 •• 0 o' 042 A Review of tssues in Nutrition Program Evaluation 0 0.0 •• 0 ••• " 111 A Strategy for Focusing AID.'s Anti-Hunger Efforts 0 ••• 0 • 0 ••••••• 0 000 0 0 ••••••••• 113 The U.S.AID. Desalination Manual 0 • 0 ••••••• 0 ••••••••••••