The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 1 The GUJJARS Book Series on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe Vol. 6 Compilation Dr. Javaid Rahi Chief Editor J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 2 PREFACE Here is another issue of "The Gujjars" a book series started by the Academy with approval of its Central Committee. This is the 6th issue of this series. Prior to this some important issues on History, Culture and Language of Gujjars got appreciation from all the people in general and from Gujjar tribe in particular. In order to highlight the vibration of Gujjar identity this series was started. The Gujjars was once a big identity. The Gurjara-Pratihara kings (6th to11th AD) ruled various areas of today's India. They are also known as great builders. This dynasty had built a numbers of Forts, Buildings, Temples which are presently on the verge of extinction. Some notable sculptures of this period include temples standing at Osian, Abhaneri, Kotah, and most charming sculptures Sursundari of Gwalior of the Gurjara- Pratihara Art. In this issue, some articles are included to press the tribe to work for revival of vibrancy of Gujjar Culture . The J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 3 article on Gujjars : A Community Fact-finding of Jammu and Kashmir, India by Dr. Florentina R, Ms. Grazia gives an insight about the Gujjar community residing in Kashmir valley. Another article is George Abraham Grierson's study of Indo-Aryan Languages: Inner -sub -branch. Further the article of Shamim Ahmed Azad about Plants Used Against Gynaecological Diseases of The Gujjar, Bakerwal and Pahari Speaking People of District Rajouri (J&K) gives a information about wild trees and its usage by different tribes. Dr. Kavita Suri and Deepshikha Hooda's Impact of Militancy on Gujjar-Bakkarwal Tribes In Jammu And Kashmir provide another view of Tribal life. Meanwhile, The Gojri language loses its veteran writer, poet and researcher Ch. Bashir ud Din Naseem Poonchi who passed away on July 28, 2015 at his residence at Nunar village of Ganderbal district. He was 75. Naseem Poonchi was author of about one dozen Gojri books and as translator he had translated many world classics into Gojri. J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 4 He was the first author of the Gojri language who's book was adjudged as best in State level competition organized by J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in 1977. In 1978, he was appointed as founder Editor of Sheeraza Gojri in J&K Cultural Academy. He remained head of the Gojri wing of Academy for 17 years. Later he retired as Deputy Secretary Culture in 2000. His main Gojri books are Nain sulakhna, Khechal, Kalam e Naseem, translation of Rubayat e Khayam, Gulistan e Saidi, Bostan e Saidi, Kalam e Roomi, Karwan e Madina, Masnavi Maulana Roomi (six Volumes) into Gojri. Dr. Javaid Rahi J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 5 CONTENTS S. No. Title Page No. Editorial : Dr. Javaid Rahi 1 Gujjars : A Community Fact Finding 8 of Jammu and Kashmir, India Dr. Florentina R, Ms. Grazia 2 Education of Tribal Children in India 24 A study by : National Programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) 3 Indo-Aryan Languages: Inner-sub- 98 branch George Abraham Grierson 4 Plants Used Against Gynaecological 200 Diseases By The Gujjar, Bakerwal and Pahari Speaking People Of District Rajouri ( J&K) Shamim Ahmed Azad 5 Impact of Militancy on Gujjar- 208 Bakkarwal Tribes In Jammu And Kashmir Kavita Suri Deepshikha Hooda 6 Livestock Economy of Nomadic 227 Gujjars: A Case Study of Udhampur District of J&K Dr. Virender Koundal 7 Pastoral Practices and their 241 J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 6 Transformation in the North- Western Karakoram Hermann Kreutzmann 8 Pastoralism in India: An 327 Introduction Vijay Paul Sharma Ilse Köhler-Rollefson John Morton 9 Pastoralists as Poor People: In the 374 Indian Context and in the General Context of Developing Countries Vijay Paul Sharma Ilse Köhler-Rollefson John Morton 10 Topics in Pastoral Development 445 that Represent “Researchable Constraints” for Livestock Production Programme Vijay Paul Sharma Ilse Köhler-Rollefson John Morton 11 Socio-Economic profile of Dodhi 456 Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir Ruhi Rafiq 12 Medicinal shrubs used by Gujjar- 486 Bakerwal tribes against various non-communicable diseases in Rajouri district, (J&K), India Anwer Shah, Abdul Karim, J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 7 Javed Ahmad, Maheshwar Prasad Sharma 13 Tradition and Change: From 511 Nomadism to Sedentarization Mohammad Bashir Magray 14 The sedentarization process of the 544 transhumant Bakarwal tribals of the Jammu & Kashmir (India) Umer Jan Sofi 15 Socio-Economic Conditions of 563 Gujjar and Bakerwal Tribes of Kashmir Azhar Ud Din 16 Impact of militency on the seasonal 583 migratory practices of Gujjar and Bakkarwal tribes in Jammu and Kashmir Kavita Suri 17 Analysing Socio - Economic 614 Conditions of Tribal Gujjar Women; A Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir Farhat Chowdhary J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 8 GUJJARS : A COMMUNITY FACT FINDING OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Dr. Florentina R. & Ms. Grazia, ABSTRACT In Jammu and Kashmir the Local tribes migrate in pastures and meadows of upper riches of Peer- Panjal range along with flock of sheep, goats, Buffaloes and horses in search of food and fodder where they resides in mud and wooden log huts locally known as ‘Dhokes’. In these Dhokes these tribes live a very tough life along with their cattle under the same roof without basic facilities. It is in this context, the present paper is an attempt to study the life style of Local tribes at Dhokes of block Budhal in Rajouri district (J&K) and also to suggest few alternative strategies to improve their way of life. KEYWORDS: Dhokes, Gujjars, Bakerwals, Lifestyle Local Tribes in J&K Gujjars and Bakerwals is the third largest community in the state of the Jammu and Kashmir which constitute about 20% of the total population. In district Rajouri, there are only two scheduled tribes J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 9 Locals out of 12 tribes of the J&K state. As per 2011 Census the total population of Local tribes is 232815 which constitute 36.2 percent of the total population of the district. In Rajouri district about 12% population is comprised of Bakerwals while 41% population belongs to Gujjars and SCs. Gujjars mostly rear cattle and they are herdsmen of buffaloes and possess small pieces of lands, kachha houses on the slopes and foothills of mountains in Rajouri district. They are having their Dhokes on the upper reaches of Rajouri district mostly in Darhal, Budhal, Kalakote and Manjakote areas. On the other hand, Bakerwals are the offshoots of Gujjars and they are nomadic tribes. Most of them are landless and houseless. Their livelihood is mostly dependent on sheep and goats for which they have to rear these animals. In search of green pastures for their herds and flocks, they travel from one place to another with their baggage and luggage, flock of sheep and goats, fleet of horses and dogs. Initially, they were rearing goats; therefore they are known as Bakerwals (who rear goats). They are living nomadic life. In the beginning of Summer season Bakerwal tribes migrates toward their Dhokes in the upper riches of Peer Panjal range and even cross the Valley J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 10 and reach Lolab, Gurez and Sona-Marg on the Eastern top hills of Kashmir. Methodology: The study is based on both primary as well as secondary data. For collection of primary data the researchers interviewed 50 sample households of the Local tribes in different dhokes. The secondary data has been collected from different journal and reports. Results and Discussion: Keeping in view the objectives of the study, the researchers made an insight on lifestyle of Gujjars and Bakerwals at dhokes and various problems being faced by them. Life Style of Locals at Dhokes: The Gujjars and Bakerwals lives a separate life at dhokes totally isolated from the rest of the area. The Gujjars and Bakerwals of Block Budhal, of the study area, migrates to upper riches of Peer-Panjal at dhokes namely, Rupri, Bella, Smartsar-marg, Richh- Begla etc. These dhokes are far away from the inhabited areas. These people have to cover a distance of 30-40 kilometres to reach in these dhokes. These places are green pastures and meadows where they graze their cattles. J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu The Gujars Vol. 6 Compiled by Dr. Javaid Rahi 11 These people don’t use kerosene oil for cooking instead they use wood as fuel. There is not even a single plant or tree in these pastures. To get the wood they have to travel long distances for the procurement of wood. At dhokes they live in Groups to cope with the challenges and threats of theft and risk from the wild animals.