Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 104(5), 2021, pp. 1651–1654 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0952 Copyright © 2021 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Case Report: Incidental Finding of COVID-19 Infection after Positron Emission Tomography/CT Imaging in a Patient with a Diagnosis of Histoplasmosis and Recurring Fever Camila Edith Stachera Stasiak,1 David Henrique Nigri,2 Fabr´ıcius Rocha Cardoso,1 Raphael Santos de Almeida Rezende de Mattos,3 Philippe Alcantaraˆ Gonçalves Martins,3 Alysson Roncally Silva Carvalho,4,5,6 S´ergio Altino de Almeida,1 Rosana Souza Rodrigues,3 and Paulo Henrique Rosado-de-Castro1,3,7* 1Department of Radiology, D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Samaritano Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 3Department of Radiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 4Cardiovascular R&D Centre (UnIC), Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 5Laboratory of Pulmonary Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Post-Graduation, Research in Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 6Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 7Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abstract. This is a case report of a 37-year-old woman evaluated with 18F-fludeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission computed tomography/CT with recurrent fever after treatment with itraconazole for 6 weeks for histoplas- mosis. The examination demonstrated a decrease in the dimensions of the pulmonary opacities previously identified in the left lower lobe and attributed to histoplasmosis. In addition to these pulmonary opacities, increased FDG uptake was also observed in lymph nodes present in the cervical region, mediastinum, left lung hilum, and hepatic hilum. Notably, other pulmonary opacities with ground-glass pattern that were not present in the previous computed to- mography were detected in the right lower lobe, with mild 18F-FDG uptake. Nasal swab performed shortly after the examination was positive for COVID-19. In this case, the 18F-FDG positron emission computed tomography/CT study demonstrated findings consistent with active COVID-19 infection coexisting with inflammatory changes associated with histoplasmosis infection. CASE REPORT glass pattern that were not present in the previous CT were detected in the right lower lobe, with mild 18F-FDG A 37-year-old woman with no comorbidities from Rio de uptake—SUVmax 2.5. These findings were highly suggestive Janeiro presented with mild afternoon fever, night sweating, for COVID-19. The attending physician and patient were in- and chest pain in February 2020 for 12 days. On February 13, formed of the possibility of COVID-19 infection, and the pa- 2020, a thorax computed tomography (CT) was requested tient underwent an RT-PCR through nasal swab, which was and showed two irregular pulmonary opacities with central positive for COVID-19. She observed the social distancing necrosis localized paracardially in the anteromedial basal measures and was followed up by her assistant physician. segment of the inferior lobe in the left lung, the larger one The patient did not present severe symptoms and did not measuring 2.2 × 2.0 cm, in addition to lymph nodes in the left require hospitalization. She repeated the thorax CT on May, hilum and minor pleural effusion in the same lung. She un- 18th for disease control. It showed resolution of the pulmo- derwent investigation with several tests. Interferon-gamma nary opacities with ground-glass pattern in the right lower release assay was negative, and the M band was positive for lobe. The irregular pulmonary opacities in the anteromedial histoplasmosis in the immunodiffusion assay. She did not basal segment of the inferior lobe in the left lung were still have a recent history of international travel. She started the present but had additional decrease in its dimensions. The left treatment with itraconazole on February 19. The patient had hilum and subcarinal lymph nodes presented decrease in its a slow recovery, with recurrent fatigue and malaise. Six dimensions as well. The minor pleural effusion in the left lung weeks after the beginning of the treatment, she presented was not observed anymore. She has not repeated positron recurring mild fever, fatigue, dyspnea, and chest pain. Her emission computed tomography/CT (PET-CT) until the pre- fl attending physician requested an 18F- udeoxyglucose sent date. (18F-FDG) PET/CT for differential diagnosis between active histoplasmosis and lymphoma. The PET/CT was performed on April 1, 2020 and compared with the previous CT from DISCUSSION February 13, 2020 (Figures 1, 2, and 3). A decrease in the dimensions of the pulmonary opacities previously identified In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the left lower lobe was noted, but these opacities had emerged in Wuhan, China, later becoming a pandemic. Brazil significant radiotracer uptake (SUVmax 6.0). Positive lymph experienced a significant rise in the number of patients with nodes were present in the cervical region (level IIa, bi- severe acute respiratory illness in the first 12 epidemiological laterally), mediastinum (subcarinal), left lung hilum, and he- weeks of 2020, higher than that in the past 10 years, which is 1,2 patic hilum. These findings were consistent with attributed to be due to the new COVID-19 infection. The first inflammatory findings associated with histoplasmosis in- COVID-19 Brazilian case was confirmed on February 25, 1 fection. Notably, other pulmonary opacities with ground- 2020. Classically, COVID-19 symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, dyspnea, and headache, but many patients could be asymptomatic.3,4 fl ’ Computed tomography and 18F- udeoxyglucose (18F- * Address correspondence to Paulo Henrique Rosado-de-Castro, D Or fi fi Institute for Research and Education, Rua Diniz Cordeiro 30, Botafogo, FDG) PET-CT ndings in suspected or con rmed COVID- 5–11 22281-100, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 19 infection have been described in different reports. 1651 1652 STASIAK AND OTHERS consumption. FDG uptake is increased in active inflammation, mainly because of the anaerobic glycolysis seen in in- flammatory cells, such as mononuclear cells.13 FDG uptake also increases in the inflammatory site because of cytokines and released growth factors. A high cellular metabolic rate generates high FDG uptake.14 Therefore, this metabolic pat- tern cannot distinguish between COVID and other in- flammatory or infectious diseases, such as histoplasmosis. Although enlargement of lymph nodes is not described in CT, lymph nodes may have high radiotracer uptake, even in early phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.7,14 It is described that mild nasopharyngeal, bone marrow, and splenic in- creased FDG uptake has also been described, probably related to the inflammatory condition.13 The intensity of FDG uptake can be variable depending on the phase of the disease.15 The intensity of radiotracer uptake is described in a case report to be mild in the early phase of COVID-19 and higher in the acute severe and resolution phases.16 However, more studies are necessary to analyze the pat- tern of the radiotracer uptake in the different phases of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, at the moment, there is no evidence that higher FDG avidity is related to gravity of COVID-19 infection, with hospitalization rate, nor with severe symptoms. Positron emission computed tomography/CT is not proved to be able to detect superinfection from SARS-CoV-2. Clinical parame- ters remain the gold standard to define the severity of the disease, although the quantitative analysis on the chest CT could be helpful. Histoplasmosis is a granulomatous disease caused by in- halation of mycelium spores, and primarily affects the lungs and the immune system. This is more likely to take place in areas inhabited by bats or with high rates of bird droppings. Histoplasmosis is endemic in severalregions of the world, especially in the United States and in parts of Latin America.17 In Brazil, it could be found in all regions, but Rio de Janeiro is the state with most of the cases.18 Histoplasmosis may present with pulmonary and lymph node involvement, but hematogenic dissemination may occur in any organ or system.18 Immunocompetent pa- FIGURE 1. Maximum intensity projection image of position emission tients could be asymptomatic. Symptoms include pallor, tomography. cough, fever, headache, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, and hepatosplenomegaly. There have been reports Multiple areas in both lungs could present ground-glass on the 18F-FDG PET/CT findings in histoplasmosis, where opacities, crazy-paving patterns, consolidations, or linear lesions are FDG-avid.19–21 In addition to the management opacities. Air bronchogram, bronchiectasis, and pleural of lymphoma and other malignancies, 18F-FDG PET-CT effusion are less frequent. The opacities tend to occur may be useful in cases of fungal infections22 and in fever of mainly in peripheral regions in both lungs, mainly in the unknown origin.23 lower lobe. These abnormalities do not reflect active in- It is extremely important that assistant physicians and flammation, because it could persist a long time after the imaging services are aware of the possibility of COVID-19 resolution of the symptoms.12 infection in the differential diagnosis and the possibility of Chest CT is not able to differentiate active inflammation coinfection with other pulmonary etiologies, taking ap- from residual abnormalities. It is not defined yet on how long it propriate measures after the identification of a suspicious could take to the patient to present a normal chest CT after case. In the described case, when the patient presented COVID-19 infection. On the other hand, PET-CT is able to with recurring mild fever, fatigue, dyspnea, and chest show active inflammation and/or infection.