Leuphana University of Lüneburg Faculty of Sustainability Institute for Environmental Chemistry Bachelor Thesis DEFINING NATURAL RESOURCES AS COMMON GOODS 1st Supervisor: Dr. Alexa K. Lutzemberger 2nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Ruck Submitted by: Sarah Holzgreve Registration No 3015127 Spangenbergstraße 67, 21337 Lüneburg [email protected] Major Environmental Sciences 26th January 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Alexa K. Lutzemberger and Franziska Lichter for their support in clearing my thoughts; Silke Helfrich, David Bollier, Elinor Ostrom and all those working to make the commons visible for the transformative sparks they send into the world; The staff from UBA for bringing people of different backgrounds together in the 2nd European and National Resources Forum in Berlin, inviting to a student workshop and thus putting all the pieces together and on-the-ground; And all those working tirelessly towards a sustainable resources use and a global transformation towards cultures of strong sustainability and connectedness. Im Grunde sind es immer die Verbindungen mit Menschen, die dem Leben seinen Wert geben. - In the end, it always are the relationships with people that give live it's value. -Wilhelm von Humboldt- 2 Sarah Holzgreve Defining Natural Resources as Common Goods 26.01.2015, Lüneburg TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................2 Abstract..........................................................................................................................................6 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................6 2. Perspectives on Natural Resources............................................................................................8 a) Why Consider Natural Resources as Commons?..............................................................8 b) A Systematics of Natural Resources...............................................................................12 c) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework.............................................................14 3. Perspectives on Common Goods..............................................................................................17 a) A Systematics of the Commons......................................................................................18 a) A Systematics of the Commons......................................................................................19 b) A Combined Commons Definition for Sustainable Resource Use?.................................32 c) A Framework of Commons Terminology........................................................................40 4. Bringing Together: Natural Resources and Common Goods....................................................50 a) Combining Perspectives with Millennium Assessment Framework...............................50 b) Defining Natural Resources, Defining Common Goods..................................................54 c) Defining Natural Resources Cornerstones in Common Goods.......................................59 5. Identifying Natural Resources as Humanity's Common Goods.................................................64 a) A Flowchart of Humanity's Common Goods...................................................................64 b) Identification and Classification (Table).........................................................................68 c) Table Evaluation.............................................................................................................75 d) Definitions' Implications.................................................................................................79 6. Discussion of Methodology and Findings.................................................................................80 a) Methodology..................................................................................................................80 b) Risen Questions..............................................................................................................83 c) Validity of Findings.........................................................................................................85 d) Scientific Relevance........................................................................................................86 7. Concluding: a Commons Perspective on Natural Resources....................................................87 References....................................................................................................................................89 Appendix 1. Glossary....................................................................................................................92 Statutory Declaration...................................................................................................................96 ILLUSTRATION INDEX Illustration 1 (own source 2015, based on “the story of stuff” project): Product value chain and life cycle........................................................................................................................................11 Illustration 2 (own source 2015): Resource System, resource pool and resource unit.................12 3 Sarah Holzgreve Defining Natural Resources as Common Goods 26.01.2015, Lüneburg Illustration 3 (Diagram based on ffu/IFOK commissioned by the BMU, 2012): Diagram of natural resources and resources treated in ProGress...............................................................................14 Illustration 4 (Millennium Assessment 2005): Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being....................................................................................................................................16 Illustration 5 (De Moor 2011): classical economics framework on types of goods categorised into excludability and rivalry of use/ substractability..........................................................................21 Illustration 6 (own source 2015, analogy based on Helfrich et al 2014): House of Traditional Commons displaying key elements of a commons-definition in tradition of Ostrom..................27 Illustration 7 (own source 2015, cf. Helfrich et al 2014): Categorisation of common pool goods beyond natural resources.............................................................................................................28 Illustration 8 (own source 2015): Commons properties in terms of resource, people and regulations...................................................................................................................................40 Illustration 9 (De Moor 2011): New and traditional commons in the goods´ framework after type of resources..................................................................................................................................42 Illustration 10 (own source 2015): A framework of commons terminology.................................47 Illustration 11 (own source 2015): Three exemplary cases in the Commons' Framework...........49 Illustration 12 (own source 2015): Basic Definition of a Commons. If one component is missing, the resource is not (yet) a common good....................................................................................56 Illustration 13 (own source 2015): Scales of natural resources in a commons.............................57 Illustration 14 (own source 2015): commons' resources and commons' perspectives from local to global level...............................................................................................................................58 Illustration 15 (own source 2015): Flowchart for identification of systematic resource scale and services.........................................................................................................................................66 Illustration 16 (own source 2015): Flowchart for resource identification as Common Goods and Common Pool Resources..............................................................................................................67 Illustration 17 (own source 2015): Combined Flowchart of resource properties for identification. .....................................................................................................................................................67 Illustration 18 (own source): Flowchart of CPR's collective governance and correlating terms...68 Illustration 19 (own source 2015): Natural resources' of global significance under local commoning ..................................................................................................................................79 4 Sarah Holzgreve Defining Natural Resources as Common Goods 26.01.2015, Lüneburg INDEX OF TABLES Table 1: Design Principles for Successful Management of Common Goods.................................25 Table 2: Degrees of Cornerstones Importance (1 to 4) and Specification in the Commons- Definitions....................................................................................................................................33 Table 3: Levels of commons cornerstones importance in differing backgrounds and their expressions...................................................................................................................................37 Table 4: Characteristics of Common Goods on a Gradient...........................................................45