National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Northeast Region Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Grassland and Shrubland Birds of Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site: Current Status and Management Recommendations Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR—2007/102 ON THE COVER Eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) Photographs by: Bob Moul Grassland and Shrubland Birds of Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site: Current Status and Management Recommendations Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR—2007/102 Bruce Peterjohn USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel, MD 20708 December 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Northeast Region Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Northeast Region of the National Park Service (NPS) comprises national parks and related areas in 13 New England and Mid-Atlantic states. The diversity of parks and their resources are reflected in their designations as national parks, seashores, historic sites, recreation areas, military parks, memorials, and rivers and trails. Biological, physical, and social science research results, natural resource inventory and monitoring data, scientific literature reviews, bibliographies, and proceedings of technical workshops and conferences related to these park units are disseminated through the NPS/NER Technical Report (NRTR) and Natural Resources Report (NRR) series. The reports are a continuation of series with previous acronyms of NPS/PHSO, NPS/MAR, NPS/BSO-RNR, and NPS/NERBOST. Individual parks may also disseminate information through their own report series. Natural Resources Reports are the designated medium for information on technologies and resource management methods; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; and natural resource program descriptions and resource action plans. Technical Reports are the designated medium for initially disseminating data and results of biological, physical, and social science research that addresses natural resource management issues; natural resource inventories and monitoring activities; scientific literature reviews; bibliographies; and peer-reviewed proceedings of technical workshops, conferences, or symposia. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. This report was accomplished under Interagency Acquisition Agreement F4560040062 with assistance from the NPS. The statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report are solely those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Print copies of reports in these series, produced in limited quantity and only available as long as the supply lasts, or preferably, file copies on CD, may be obtained by sending a request to the address on the back cover. Print copies also may be requested from the NPS Technical Information Center (TIC), Denver Service Center, PO Box 25287, Denver, CO 80225-0287. A copy charge may be involved. To order from TIC, refer to document D-185. This report may also be available as a downloadable portable document format file from the Internet at http://www.nps.gov/nero/science/. Please cite this publication as: Peterjohn, B. December 2007. Grassland and Shrubland Birds of Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site: Current Status and Management Recommendations. Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR—2007/102. National Park Service. Philadelphia, PA. NPS D-185 December 2007 ii Table of Contents Page Figures ............................................................................................................................................ v Tables .......................................................................................................................................... vii Summary ...................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Area ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Gettysburg National Military Park Grassland Birds ........................................................... 13 Eisenhower National Historic Site Grassland Birds ........................................................... 16 Gettysburg National Military Park Shrubland Birds ........................................................... 17 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 19 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 21 Grassland Birds ................................................................................................................... 21 Shrubland Birds ................................................................................................................... 23 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................ 25 iii Figures Page Figure 1. Map of Gettysburg National Military Park and the Eisenhower National Historic Site, including units of the Gettysburg Park cited in the text. ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 2. Map of the East Cavalry unit of Gettysburg National Military Park. ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3. Map of the North unit of Gettysburg National Military Park. ....................................... 6 Figure 4. Map of the Cemetery Hill unit of Gettysburg National Military Park. ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 5. Map of the Seminary Ridge and Round Top-Wheatfield units of Gettysburg National Military Park and the Eisenhower National Historic Site. ................................................................................................................................................ 8 v Tables Page Table 1. Distribution of obligate grassland birds within Gettysburg National Military Park. ................................................................................................................ 14 Table 2. Grassland bird population estimates for Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site during 2005. ............................................ 16 Table 3. Total numbers of breeding shrubland birds recorded in Gettysburg National Military Park during surveys of disturbed successional habitats at the base of Warfield Ridge on 13 June 2005. ........................................ 17 vii Summary Gettysburg National Military Park (NMP) and Eisenhower National Historic Site (NHS) were surveyed for grassland birds during the 2005 breeding season. These parks currently maintain a total of approximately 1,220 ha (3,015 ac) of grassland habitats within a mosaic of cultivated fields and woodlands. The grasslands are hayfields managed through agricultural leases and fields maintained by the National Park Service (NPS). Most grasslands are composed of introduced cool-season grasses, but Gettysburg NMP maintains a few fields dominated by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and is creating additional warm-season grasslands. Hayfields managed through agricultural leases support few grassland birds. The most numerous grassland bird communities are found between Seminary and Cemetery ridges in fields managed by the NPS. The parks discourage hay harvesting before July in all fields in an effort to improve the reproductive success of grassland birds. Shrub-dominated habitats were scarce in both parks. A few areas that were harvested recently for timber supported early successional communities in Gettysburg NMP. Other shrublands were limited to narrow corridors (<10 m [32 ft]) bordering fields and drainages. No shrublands were present on Eisenhower NHS, but an abandoned pasture along Willoughby Run was reverting into a mesic shrubland. Four species of obligate grassland birds were recorded during the 2005 surveys. A population of approximately 130 bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) was primarily restricted to grasslands between Seminary and Cemetery ridges maintained by the NPS and a hayfield on Eisenhower NHS. This population is large for southeastern Pennsylvania and the surrounding region. Eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) were most numerous in the same fields occupied by bobolinks but smaller numbers were scattered in other grasslands. Grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) were locally distributed in Conservation Reserve Program fields and other grasslands with more open vegetation. Savannah sparrows