Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000 areas Annexes 1 – 5 Assessment of pressures related to agriculture on key agricultural habitats and species Contract ENV.B.3/SER/2010/0041 Key management and policy measures for Natura 2000 farmland Technical Annexes 1 – 5 Assessment of pressures related to agriculture on key agricultural habitats and species 23 October 2012 THE N2K GROUP European Economic Interest Group Atecma Comunità Daphne Ecosystems Ecosphère Ambiente LTD Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. 2 Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. Authorship These annexes are part of the report Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000 areas. Background report 2: Key management and policy measures for Natura 2000 farmland. The report is part of the project on the development of guidance on the management of farmland in Natura 2000 sites, which has been carried out on behalf of the European Commission’s DG Environment and DG Agriculture, by the N2K Group and the Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), in co-operation with the Expert Group on management of Natura 2000 set up by the European Commission, which involves Member States and key stakeholder groups. The consultants have full responsibility for the content of this report, and the conclusions, recommendations and opinions presented in this report reflect those of the consultants, and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Commission. The recommended citation for this document is: Underwood, E., McCormack, C., McConville, A.J. & Tucker, G.M. (2012) Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000 areas. Annexes to Background report 2: Key management and policy measures for Natura 2000 farmland. Final report to the European Commision, DG Environment, under contract ENV.B.3/SER/2010/0041. Institute for European Environmental Policy, London. Acknowledgements The N2K group members provided helpful comments and contributions, particularly to the species and habitats threats assessment, including: Mats & Kristina Eriksson, Dobromil Galvánek, Ana Guimaraes, Concha Olmeda, Mirka Plassmann, Oliveiro Spinelli, Kirstin Sundseth, Marc Thauront, Daniela Zaghi. Many thanks to Christina Ieronymidou for her contributions to the habitats assessment and references. 4 Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. 5 Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. Contents 1 ANNEX 1. ASSESSMENTS OF THE VULNERABILITY OF KEY AGRICULTURAL HABITATS TO AGRICULTURAL PRESSURES ......................................................................................... 7 2 ANNEX 2. ASSESSMENTS OF THE VULNERABILITY OF KEY AGRICULTURAL SPECIES (EXCLUDING BIRDS) TO AGRICULTURAL PRESSURES ........................................................ 11 3 ANNEX 3. REFERENCES USED IN THE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS - HABITATS ...... 22 4 ANNEX 4. REFERENCES USED IN THE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS - SPECIES ......... 25 5 ANNEX 5. COMPLETE REFERENCES ............................................................................. 1 Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. 1 ANNEX 1. ASSESSMENTS OF THE VULNERABILITY OF KEY AGRICULTURAL HABITATS TO AGRICULTURAL PRESSURES PRESSURE CODES: OG Overgrazing / high stocking levels; UG Undergrazing / abandonment; GP Other changes in grazing practices; GP1 Changes in timing of grazing, GP2 Changes in stock type; GP3 Use of supplementary animal feed; GP4 Lack of shepherding; BU Intentional burning of habitat; BM Changes in burning management; UB Under-burning; HL Reduction of hay cutting management; HP Other change in hay cutting practices; HT Change in timing of hay cutting; HM Mechanisation of hay cutting; HS Change from hay to silage; PS Change from pasture to silage; CU Cultivation of grassland (resowing) / conversion to arable; FE Use of fertiliser/manure (unspecified); FA Use of artificial fertiliser; HE Use of herbicides and/or pesticides; HY Hydrological changes; AF Afforestation. IMPACT LEVELS: 1 = local impacts, where the species or habitat is not likely to decline in the EU by more than 20% over 20 years; 2 = high impacts, with declines of more than 20% over 20 years likely; 3 = critical impacts, meaning the habitat or species is likely to go extinct as a result of the pressure if it continues at the same level. 9 = impacts documented, but magnitude is uncertain. t = total number of pressures tc = total number of critical pressures See Annex 3 for references used in the analysis. Code Habitat OG UG GP GP1 GP2 GP3 GP4 BU BM UB HL HP HT HM HS PS CU FE FA HE HY AF t tc 1340 Inland salt meadows 9 9 2 9 9 3 6 1 1530 Pannonic salt steppes and 9 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 10 0 salt marshes 1630 Boreal Baltic coastal 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 0 meadows 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with 1 3 2 2 4 1 herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) 21A0 Machairs 2 1 9 9 9 2 2 2 9 9 0 2140 Decalcified fixed dunes 9 3 9 9 2 5 1 with Empetrum nigrum 2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed 9 3 9 9 9 9 6 1 dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) 2190 Humid dune slacks 9 2 9 9 3 9 6 1 2250 Coastal dunes with 9 2 3 2 9 5 1 Juniperus spp. 2310 Dry sandy heaths with 9 9 9 9 9 5 0 Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. Code Habitat OG UG GP GP1 GP2 GP3 GP4 BU BM UB HL HP HT HM HS PS CU FE FA HE HY AF t tc Calluna and Genista 2320 Dry sandy heaths with 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 0 Calluna and Empetrum nigrum 2330 Inland dunes with open 3 9 3 3 2 Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands 2340 Pannonic inland dunes 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 0 4020 Temperate Atlantic wet 9 9 2 2 2 2 6 0 heaths with Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix 4040 Dry Atlantic coastal heaths 3 3 3 3 3 with Erica vagans 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths 1 1 9 9 9 9 1 7 0 4090 Endemic oro- 1 1 3 9 4 1 Mediterranean heaths with gorse 5120 Mountain Cytisus purgans 1 2 2 9 2 5 0 formations 5130 Juniperus communis 9 2 9 9 4 0 formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands 5210 Arborescent matorral with 2 1 2 2 9 5 0 Juniperus spp. 5330 Thermo-Mediterranean 1 1 3 9 9 5 1 and pre-desert scrub 5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum 9 9 9 9 9 5 0 phryganas 5430 Endemic phryganas of the 9 9 2 0 Euphorbio-Verbascion 6110 Rupicolous calcareous or 9 9 9 3 0 basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi 6120 Xeric sand calcareous 3 9 3 3 2 grasslands 8 Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. Code Habitat OG UG GP GP1 GP2 GP3 GP4 BU BM UB HL HP HT HM HS PS CU FE FA HE HY AF t tc 6140 Siliceous Pyrenean Festuca 2 2 9 3 0 eskia grasslands 6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal 2 9 9 9 9 5 0 grasslands 6160 Oro-Iberian Festuca 1 3 1 3 9 9 9 7 2 indigesta grasslands 6170 Alpine and subalpine 1 1 1 1 4 0 calcareous grasslands 6180 Macaronesian mesophile 9 1 0 grasslands 6190 Rupicolous pannonic 3 2 9 3 1 grasslands (Stipo- Festucetalia pallentis) 62A0 Eastern sub- 9 9 9 9 9 5 0 Mediterranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneratalia villosae) 6210 Semi-natural dry 9 2 2 9 9 9 9 3 9 9 1 grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco- Brometalia) 6220 Pseudo-steppe with 1 3 9 9 3 3 3 9 8 4 grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea 6230 Species-rich Nardus 9 2 9 9 9 2 6 0 grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and sub-mountain areas, in continental Europe) 6240 Sub-pannonic steppic 9 9 9 9 4 0 grassland 6250 Pannonic loess steppic 9 9 9 9 4 0 grasslands 9 Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. Code Habitat OG UG GP GP1 GP2 GP3 GP4 BU BM UB HL HP HT HM HS PS CU FE FA HE HY AF t tc 6260 Pannonic sand steppes 9 2 9 9 4 0 6270 Fennoscandian lowland 9 2 2 9 1 9 6 0 species-rich dry to mesic grasslands 6280 Nordic alvar and 3 1 2 2 4 1 precambrian calcareous flatrocks 6310 Dehesas with evergreen 3 9 9 9 2 5 1 Quercus spp. 6410 Molinia meadows on 3 3 3 9 4 3 calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) 6420 Mediterranean tall humid 2 9 9 9 9 3 3 7 2 herb grasslands of the Molinio-Holoschoenion) 6440 Alluvial meadows of river 3 9 3 3 2 valleys of the Cnidion dubii 6450 Northern boreal alluvial 3 3 3 2 meadows 6510 Lowland hay meadows 3 3 3 2 2 2 9 7 3 (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) 6520 Mountain hay meadows 3 9 9 1 4 1 6530 Fennoscandian wooded 2 2 2 1 2 1 6 0 meadows 7210 Calcareous fens with 2 2 9 3 9 3 6 2 Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricon davallianae 7230 Alkaline fens 9 9 9 3 3 9 3 3 8 4 8240 Limestone pavements 9 9 9 2 9 5 0 9070 Fennoscandian wooded 3 1 2 1 pastures 10 Guidance on management of farmland in Natura 2000. Annexes to Background Report 2. 2 ANNEX 2. ASSESSMENTS OF THE VULNERABILITY OF KEY AGRICULTURAL SPECIES TO AGRICULTURAL PRESSURES PRESSURE CODES: OG Overgrazing / high stocking levels; UG Undergrazing / abandonment; GP Other changes in grazing practices; GP1 Changes in timing of grazing, GP2 Changes in stock type; GP3 Use of supplementary animal feed; GP4 Lack of shepherding; BU Intentional burning of habitat; BM Changes in burning management; UB Under-burning; HL Reduction of hay cutting management; HP Other change in hay cutting practices; HT Change in timing of hay cutting; HM Mechanisation of hay cutting; HS Change from hay to silage; PS Change from pasture to silage; CU Cultivation of grassland (resowing) / conversion to arable; FE Use of fertiliser/manure (unspecified); FA Use of artificial fertiliser; HE Use of herbicides and/or pesticides; HY Hydrological changes; AF Afforestation; FO Loss of eggs and chicks as a result of farming operations with machinery; HD Crop specialisation / reduced rotations/ loss of habitat mosaic through agricultural intensification; CO Competition for habitat or food with game or livestock species or disease transmitted by these species; HF Loss of farmland habitats (eg rough grass margins, woodlots, trees, ponds, hedges, stone walls, terraces, old buildings).