S 6 th h o I n r t t e C r o n u a r t i s o e n a o l n P E l a Overview of Past Venus Missions x Overview of Past Venus Missions n t r e e t m a r e and Potential Architectures for Future Missions y E P n r o v b – architectures – issues – failures – i r e o n W m o e r n k t s s h T By o p e , c A h n t l Dr. Tibor S. Balint o Tibor S. Balint a l n o t g a i , Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology e G s e Pasadena, CA o r g i a 0 6 / 2 2 1 0 - 2 0 2 8 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 1 Overview • Introduction S 6 th h o I n – Extreme environments & Science drivers r t t e C r o n u a r t i s o e n a • Typical Mission Architectures to Explore Venus o l n P E l a – Role of mission architectures x n t r e e t m – Mission elements & Architectures a r e y E P n r o v b i r e o n • Brief Overview of Venus Missions W m o e r n – Past missions k t s s h T o p – Present missions & Missions under development e , c A h n t l o – Future mission concepts a l n o t g a i , e G s e • The Good, the Bad, & the Future o r g i – Lessons learned from past missions a – Challenges for future missions 0 6 / 2 2 1 0 - 2 0 2 • Conclusions 8 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 2 Introduction A First Look at Venus S 6 th h o I n r t t e C r o n u a r t i s o e n a o l n P E l a x n t r e e t m a r e y E P n r o v b i r e o n W m o e r n k t s s h T o p e , c A h n t l o a l n o t g a i , e G s e o r g i a 0 6 / 2 2 1 0 - 2 0 2 8 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 3 Introduction Venus: World of Contrasts Solar 'in* • Why is Venus so different S 6 th h o I n r t from Earth? t e C r o n u – What does the Venus a r t i s o e n a greenhouse tell us about o l n P E climate change? l a x n t r e e t • Could be addressed with m Atmosphere a r e y probes & balloons at E P n r o various altitudes v b i r e o n W m o e r n k t s – How active is Venus? s Climate h T o p e , • Could be addressed with c A h n t l o orbiters & in-situ elements Crust a l n o t g a i , e G s e – When and where did the o r g i water go? a • Could be addressed with 0 6 landers / 2 2 1 0 - 2 Core 0 2 Ref: M. Bullock, D. Senske, J. Kwok, Venus Flagship Study: 8 Exploring a World of Contrasts (Interim Briefing), NASA HQ, Ref: Image by E. Stofan & T. Balint May 9, 2008 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 4 Introduction Science Drivers for Venus Exploration S 6 th h o I n r t t e C r o n u a r t i s o e n a o l n P E l a x n t r e e t m a r e y E P n r o v b i r e o n W m o e r n k t s s h T o p e , c A h n t l o a l n o t g a i , e G s e o r g i a 0 6 / 2 2 1 0 - 2 0 2 8 Ref: VEXAG White Paper, 2007-2008 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 5 Introduction The Extreme Environment of Venus • Greenhouse effect results in VERY HIGH SURFACE TEMPERATURES S 6 th h o I n r • Average surface temperature: t t e C r o ~ 460°C to 480°C n u a r t i s o • Average pressure on the surface: e n a o l n ~ 92 bars P E l a x n t r e e t m • Cloud layer composed of aqueous a r e y E sulfuric acid droplets at ~45 to ~70 P n r o v b km attitude i r e o n W • Venus atmosphere is mainly CO2 m o e r n (96.5%) and N2 (3.5%) with: k t s s h T • small amounts of noble gases o p e , c A (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) h n t l o a l • small amount of reactive trace n o t g a i , gases (SO , H O, CO, OCS, H S, e 2 2 2 G s HCl, SO, HF …) e o r g i a • Zonal winds: at 4 km altitude ~1 m/s; at 55 km ~60 m/s; at 65 km ~95 m/s 0 6 / 2 • Superrotating prograde jets in the 2 1 0 - 2 0 2 upper atmosphere 8 Ref: N.Yajima, N.Izutsu, H.Honda, K.Goto and T.Imamura (ISAS) N.Tomita and K.Akazawa (Musashi Institute of Technology Univ.) “Feasibility and Applicability of Ref: C. Wilson, U of Oxford, Personal communications Planetary Balloons,” Website: www.isas.ac.jp/home/ Sci_Bal/engplanetary.html Ref: V. Kerzhanovich et al., "Circulation of the Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only atmosphere from the surface to 100 km", Page 6 S 6 th h o I n r t t e C r o n u a r t i s o e n a o l n P E l a x n t r e e t m a r e y E Typical Mission Architectures to Explore Venus P n r o v b i r e o n W m o e r n k t s s h T o p e , c A – mission elements – architectures – trajectories – h n t l o a l n o t g a i , e G s e o r g i a 0 6 / 2 2 1 0 - 2 0 2 8 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 7 Mission Architectures The Role of Mission Architectures e.g., - mission class (flagship, NF, Discovery) e.g., - NRC Decadal Survey; - mission cost cap - VEXAG goals & objectives S 6 th - SSE Roadmap; mission lineup - Project science team h o I n r - international collaboration measurements & investigations t t e C r o n u a r t i s o e n a o l n P Science E l a x n t r e e t m a r e y E P n r o v b i r e o n Programmatics Mission Architectures W m o e r n k t s s h T o p e , c A h n t l o a l n o t g Technologies a i , e G s e o r g i e.g., - extreme environments technologies e.g., - single or multi-element architecture a - systems approaches: - single or dual launch tolerance, protection & hybrid systems - mission elements (orbiter, flyby, 0 - atmospheric entry, descent, landing, balloon, lander, probe, plane) 6 / 2 2 balloon inflation - lifetime (hours, weeks, years) 1 0 - 2 - instrument technologies - telecom link (relay, Direct-to-Earth) 0 2 8 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 8 Mission Architectures Potential Venus Mission Elements S 6 th h o I n r t t e C r o n u a r t i s o e n a o l n P E l a x n t r e e t m a r e y E P n r o v b i r e o n W m o e r n k t s s h T o p e , c A h n t l o a l n o t g a i , e G s e o r g i a 0 6 / 2 2 1 0 - 2 0 2 8 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 9 Mission Architectures Grouping of Typical Venus Mission Architectures Earth-to-Venus Cruise (~180 days) S 6 th h o I n Remote Sensing In-Situ r t t e C r o n u a r t i Short Lived s Short Observation Long Observation Long Lived o e n a o l n P Pioneer-Venus E l a Flyby S/C High altitude x n Orbiter type t r e e balloon t m Descent Probe a r e (~60-65 km) y E P n r o Venera type v b Multi-Element i r e Lander Balloon to o n Architectures W m Lower Clouds o e r n Venus In-Situ (~30-40 km) k t s Orbiter + s High Altitude h T Multi-probes Explorer o p Balloon + e , c (VISE) A Long Lived h Micro-probes n t l o Seismic a Lander l n o t Sample Return g Network a i , e Balloon Network G s Venus Atmospheric Venus Mobile e o r Sample Return Explorer g i Mission Class Floor: a Free Return Trajectory (VME) Small mission -Air mobility, or Heritage Venus Surface 0 Medium mission - Surface rover 6 / Sample Return 2 SSE Roadmap 2 1 0 Large mission - 2 recommended 0 2 8 Ref: Cutts, Balint, “Overview of typical mission architectures”, 3rd VEXAG meeting, Crystal City, VA, Jan.11-12, 2007 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 10 S 6 th h o I n r t t e C r o n u a r t i s o e n a o l n P E l a x n t r e e t m a r e y E Brief Overview of Venus Missions P n r o v b i r e o n W m o e r n k t s s h T o p e , c A – past – present – future – h n t l o a l n o t g a i , e G s e o r g i a 0 6 / 2 2 1 0 - 2 0 2 8 Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 11 Past Missions Past: Russian Missions to Venus • Between 1961 & 1984/(1985) Russia carried S 6 th out the most successful Venus exploration h o I n r t t program among nations e C r o n u a r t i s o e Venera 3 stamp Venera 4 stamp n • Launched 29 missions to Venus: a o l n P – Failed: 12 E l a x p n t – Succeeded (fully or partially): 17 !! r e m e a t t m a s r e y 5 E P a r n • The program included r e o v n b i e r e o – Venera-1 and Sputnik-7 probes (failed) V n W – Venera orbiters, landers m o e Venera 8 stamp r n k t – Cosmos landers and flybys (failed , s s s h s T no-, on pa/, 20 a2o3- osmos sinaion) o p p e m , c A a h – Zond-1 lander (failed) t s n t l o a 9 – Vega landers and balloons l n o a r t g a e i n , e G e s V e • Achieved multiple firsts, e.g., o r Venera 11 g i – First to reach Venus; entry; landing; longest a surface operation (127 minutes); surface pictures stamp (also in color); international Venus mission 0 p 6 / m 2 a 2 t 1 0 s - 2 0 Ref: Kolawa, Balint, Delcastillo, Mojarradi, “Instruments for Extreme 3 2 8 1 Environments”, IPPW-4, Short Course, Pasadena, CA, June 2006 a r Ref: http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_venus.html e n Ref: Balint, “Summary of Russian Planetary Lander Missions”, JPL, 2002 e V Ref: images – various from the web Preliminary - For Discussion Purposes Only Page 12 Past Missions Past: US Missions to Venus • 1962 - Mariner 2 S 6 th h – flew by Venus (12/14/62); o I n r t t e – Verified high temperatures.