Vision of the KSTAR Research in ITER Era Hyeon K. Park POSTECH on February 24, 2012 at KSTAR Conference Muju Korea Talk Why large scale clean energy source? The ultimate option – “Fusion Power” Progress in fusion energy development and role of the KSTAR research Brief background of the fusion energy research Paradigm change in fusion research in recent years: steady state capable fusion devices in Asia Role of KSTAR in ITER era and K-Demo International facility and physics basis for K-Demo New path of the fusion plasma research “New idea” and “new methodology” Past, present, and future of “We” (population and energy) A few Scenarios in energy world consumption rate Can we replace the fossil fuel? How and on what time scale? Global warming and CO2 emission CO2 concentration will trigger the global warming Argument is still controversial but there may be no turning point once it happens Needs a positive proof?? Reduction of CO2 is a good preventive measure but the cost is not cheap unless …….. Need a long term plan for a clean large scale energy including fuel cell The beginning of the fusion concept 1928 Concept of fusion reaction – energy radiated by stars [R. Atkinson & F.G. Houtermans, Physik, 54 (1929)] - J. Jeans was skeptical; A. Eddington retorted: “ I suggest he finds a hotter place” 1932: Fusion reactions discovered in laboratory by M. Oliphant - Lord Rutherford felt possibility of fusion power using beam-solid target approach “moonshine” 1935 Basic understanding of fusion reactions - tunneling through Coulomb barrier – G. Gamov et al. - Fusion requires high temperatures (Maxwellian) 1939 Fusion power cycle for the stars: H. Bethe - Nobel prize 1967 “for his theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars” Early Years of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research 1940s - Concept of using a magnetic field to confine a hot plasma for fusion 1947 - G.P. Thomson and P.C. Thonemann began classified investigations of toroidal “pinch” RF discharge, eventually leading to ZETA, a large pinch at UKAEA Harwell, England in 1956 1949 - R. Richter in Argentina claimed to have achieved controlled fusion – turns out to be bogus, but news piques interest of Lyman Spitzer at Princeton 1950 - Spitzer conceived “stellarator” (while on a ski lift) and makes proposal to AEC ($50k) - Project Matterhorn initiated at Princeton 1950s - Classified US Project Sherwood on controlled thermonuclear fusion 1958 - Magnetic fusion research declassified. US and others unveil results at 2nd UN Atoms for Peace Conference in Geneva Magnetic Fusion (closed traps):Tokamak B Plasma in a simple torus does not have an equilibrium Curvature and gradient in B cause single particles to drift vertically Charge separation at the edges produces a downward E field that drives outward drift of plasma Introduce rotational transform (helical twist) to field lines so TEXTOR (Torus-Experiment for Technology Oriented Research) drifts are compensated over several transits External windings, geometrical B modification v toroidal current in the plasma Bt B itself p major radius: 1.75 m minor radius: 0.50 m plasma current: 0.5 (0.8) MA toroidal field: 2.8 T pulse length: 10 sec In Stellarators, rotational transform is created by twisting the axis or external coils (or both) Hot plasma is confined by an intricate magnetic field Tokamak – external magnetic field and magnetic field by a driven plasma current Stellarator – magnetic field by complex external coils Large Helical Device (LHD), NIFS, Japan External diameter 13.5 m Plasma major radius 3.9 m Plasma minor radius 0.6 m Plasma volume 30 m3 Magnetic field 3 T Scientific break-even Three large tokamak era: non-steady state device based on Cu coils (pulse length is limited by the cooling system < ~ 20 sec.) Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (USA) 1982-1997, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, USA Fusion power yield: Q ~ 0.3 from D-T experiment Joint European Tokamak (EU):1983 – present, Culham, Oxfordshore, UK Fusion power yield: Q ~ 0.7 from D-T experiment JT-60U (Japan):1985 - present, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan Q~1.25 extrapolated from D-D experiment Internal view of Internal view of TFTR Internal view of JT60-U JET/plasma discharge ITER (Q=10) The goal is "to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion power for peaceful purposes". Demonstration of fusion power yield; Q (output power/input power) ~10 International consortium (Europe, Japan, Russia, Korea, China, and India) Total cost and beyond ~ $10 B for ~10 years and the next step is Demo Physics basis is empirical energy confinement scaling Current status of ITER project (2011) Construction is in progress at Cadarache, France ITER site Device PF coil facility Admin Fusion research history and the future JET (EU) ITER (Q~10, 2025) Advanced future reactor smaller and efficient Needs physics basis !! Future fusion reactor: rendering New fusion research facilities in Asia Steady state capable devices are critical for the physics and engineering basis for the fusion plasma research New superconducting tokamak devices are merging to Asian countries – Japan (LHD, JT-60SA), China (EAST), Korea (KSTAR) and India (SST) SST-1, India EAST, LHD, NIFS, Hefei, Japan China JT-60SA, JAEA, Japan KSTAR, NFRI, Korea Paradigm change in fusion research Critical mass in fusion effort is being established in Asia New steady state capable magnetic fusion devices are operated and/or being built in Asia (within two hour time zone) Number of Asian scientists in fusion science is ever increasing Engineering support in Asian sector is reliable and cost effective Asian Plasma Physics Organization will be effective for Sharing physics research burden (stability, transport, current drive, material test, advanced control, etc.) Sharing advanced technology and engineering development (advanced diagnostic system, material development, etc.) Sharing theoretical understanding and computational facility (modeling center for fusion research) Role of KSTAR and K-Demo 2009 2020 2040 Fast Track DEMO K-Demo (EU,CN,JP,KO,US) KSTAR It is a long Research term endeavor Device but It is our ultimate GOAL Two important roles of KSTAR International role - center for steady state physics research Human resource development for world wide fusion research Support ITER related physics issues National role - physics basis for K-Demo design K-Demo based on current ITER scaling is a challenge (size matters !!) Physics basis of the Transport and Stability for ITER size K-Demo New and high impact physics topics Redefine the conventional wisdoms What is the magic of the L/H/l/Q,.. scalings ? Suppression or mitigation of the harmful MHD instabilities Current drive and bootstrap current profile control What are the key physics parameters for compact reactor? Go with what you believe !! I am pretty tired. I think I’ll go home now What is the fundamentals of H-mode? L/H mode operation Circular plasma (limiter fueling and series of radial low resistors – L-mode Diverter plasmas (x-point DIII-D, R. Groebner, et al. fueling and series of high PPFC 44, 2002 resistors – H-mode Reduction of recycling with Li and core heating Energy and particle flux (in and out) – to guess the transport physics NSTX, M. Ono, et al. FED, 2010 What is the fundamentals of ITB? Super/RS/ERS mode operation Heavy recycling control (Li) and core heating profile - Source and Loss in power balance Energy and particle TFTR, Efthimion, et al. flux (in and out) at a flux surface is not known – measures only the difference JT-60U, Fujita, et al . PRL 1997 TFTR, D. Mansfield, et al. Phys. of Plasma. 1996 New idea and new methodology Remaining physics issues Stethoscope and engineering challenges require new path Physics - experimental verification of the hypothesis and assumptions is essential for the advancement Comprehensive visualization of magnetic reconnection process is an example Engineering – Discovery/ Invention of new materials to reduce the cost of the fusion reactor Magnetic resonance imaging Example: Classical sawtooth oscillation Sudden break up of a stable magnetic surface in a time scale much shorter than energy transport time Sawtooth oscillation is a magnetic self-organization via magnetic reconnection process H. Park (PRL, 2006) Simultaneous measurement (~400 channels) World first observation of core and edge MHD instabilities simultaneously Core – sawtooth Edge - ELMs In 2012, POSTECH will attempt world first 3-D measurement in fusion devices Two imaging systems separated on toroidal plane G. Yun (PRL, 2011) Summary Long but significant progress has been made in high temperature plasma research Progress is clear from the early skepticism of the star power to ITER Paradigm change in the fusion research is evident Two important roles of KSTAR International research device for ITER physics and human resource development Physics basis for K-Demo New path for advanced fusion reactor design “New Idea” and “New Methodology” are essential .