History and Citizenship for Rwandan Schools Senior One Student’s Book Tisaasa Myres Sserugo Osbert Florence Nyakeri Sylvia Tumusiime Published by: Longhorn Publishers (Rwanda) Ltd 166 Kg 13 Off Kg 11 Avenue P.O. Box 5910 Kigali, Rwanda Longhorn Publishers (Kenya) Ltd Funzi Road, Industrial Area P. O. Box 18033-00500 Nairobi, Kenya Longhorn Publishers (Uganda) Ltd Kanjokya Street Plot 74, Kamwokya P. O. Box 24745 Kampala, Uganda Longhorn Publishers (Tanzania) Ltd New Bagamoyo/Garden Road Mikocheni B, Plot No. MKC/MCB/81 P. O. Box 1237 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania © T. Myres • S. Osbert • F. Nyakeri • S. Tumusiime The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. First published 2016 The publisher would like to thank the authors for providing photographs used in this publication. Credit also goes to the Institute of National Museum of Rwanda in Huye District and ADRA-Rwanda. George Obonyo and Christopher Ochieng’ contributed in generating the maps. Acknowledgements inadvertently left out are regretted and will be done in subsequent editions following notification of such omission. ISBN 978 9997 74 400 5 Printed by Ramco Printing Works Ltd Unit 2, Ramco Industrial Complex Mombasa Road, New Industrial Area P. O. Box 27750 - 00506 Nairobi, Kenya Content TOPIC AREA 1: COLLECTING AND ANALYSING HISTORICAL SOURCES Sub-Topic Area 1: Concepts of History and Historical Research Unit 1: Historical sources ............................................................................................ 3 Unit 2: Advantages and disadvantages of historical sources ...............................14 TOPIC AREA 2: HISTORY OF RWANDA Sub-Topic Area 1: History of Ancient, Colonial and Post-colonial Rwanda Unit 3: Origin, organisation and expansion of Rwandan Kingdom ...................24 Unit 4: Civilisation of pre-colonial Rwanda ............................................................37 Sub-Topic Area 2: History of genocide Unit 5: Genocide and its features ............................................................................ 53 TOPIC AREA 3: HISTORY OF AFRICA Sub-Topic Area 1: History of Ancient Africa Unit 6: Evolution of mankind ...................................................................................62 Unit 7: Egyptian civilisation ......................................................................................71 Unit 8: Trans-Saharan trade ......................................................................................81 Unit 9: Trans-Atlantic slave trade (Triangular Trade) ..........................................92 TOPIC AREA 4: SOCIETY Sub-Topic Area 1: Human Rights, Citizen Duties and Responsibilities Unit 10: Concept of human rights, citizen duties and responsibilities and ways of preventing human rights violations ............................................104 Sub-Topic Area 2: Democracy and Justice Unit 11: Forms and principles of democracy .......................................................113 Sub-Topic Area 3: Unity Unit 12: Identify oneself differently in reference to Rwanda .............................117 Sub-Topic Area 4: Conflict Transformation Unit 13: Forms, causes and consequences of conflict and violence ................123 Sub-Topic Area 5: Dignity and Self-Reliance Unit 14: Dignity and self-reliance in Rwandan society .......................................130 Sub-Topic Area 6: Disability and Inclusive Education Unit 15: Concept of disability and inclusive education ......................................137 TOPIC AREA 5: INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY Sub-Topic Area 7: Values, Attitude and Sources of Sexual Learning Unit 16: Family and personal values......................................................................144 Glossary ........................................................................................149 iii iv TOPIC AREA 1: COLLECTING AND ANALYSING HISTORICAL SOURCES Sub-Topic Area 1: Concepts of History and Historical Research Unit 1: Historical sources Unit 2: Advantages and disadvantages of historical sources 1 2 Unit 1 HISTORICAL SOURCES Definition of History Activity 1.1 Using the internet and a dictionary, research on the definitions of History. Definitions You probably remember your childhood friend you liked playing with. You may also remember your first day in school. Some people may remember the name of their first class teachers. Such a collection of information about our past forms our history. History is a subject that deals with the study of people’s way of life in the past. Through the study of History, we are able to appreciate people’s past. We can also make informed decisions about the present and devise ways of improving the future. Sources of Historical information These include the following: (i) Oral tradition (ii) Written sources (iii) Electronic sources (Audio-visual sources) (iv) Archaeology (v) Linguistics (vi) Anthropology (vii) Genetics Each of these sources of historical information has been discussed below. (i) Oral tradition Activity 1.2 Narrate short stories, one student at a time. After that tell your colleagues where you got the story from. 3 That process of telling information by word of mouth is called oral tradition. It is one method of collecting historical information. Oral tradition is defined as any information passed by word of mouth (verbally) from one generation to another. This is done through socialisation especially between the young and the old. Oral traditions may be in form of songs, stories, legends, poems and proverbs of people’s past. It is based on eyewitness accounts about an event. Oral traditions are transmitted mostly by traditionalists, old men and old women. These people have a wide knowledge about history, medicine, administration, technology and culture of their societies. Fig. 1.1: Oral tradition as a source of History (ii) Written sources They include books, non published documents, letters, dailies, magazines, journals, inscriptions on coins and newspapers. Among the earliest written records was the ‘Periplus of the Erythrean Sea’. It was written by an unknown Greek. Activity 1.3 1. Get any two or more newspapers. a) Find the dates and the publishers of the newspapers. b) Read at least one article from each newspaper. 2. Give a summary of each article. 4 Fig. 1.2: Written sources of History (iii) Electronic sources (Audio-visual sources) These include the use of modern technology such as mobile phones, radios, television, cinemas and the internet. Fig. 1.3: A television set Activity 1.4 Have you ever watched a television programme about wildlife? (a) Briefly describe what you saw in the movie. (b) State how the movie is related to the following subjects: • Geography • Biology 5 Getting information through seeing and hearing is what we call audio-visual. It is one of the ways through which historical information is collected. It also deals with obtaining information by listening to or watching other devices. It is one of the modern sources of information. (iv) Archaeology It refers to the study of dug up materials or material remains of people’s past. Ryamurari is one of the archaelogical sites in our country. It is located in Bufunda Village, Bufunda Cell, Mukama Sector, Nyagatare District in Eastern Province. Activity 1.5 1. Visit the website of the Institute of National Museums of Rwanda to find out more about the archaelogical site mentioned above. 2. Find out from other books that have the History of Rwanda, other archaelogical sites in other parts of our country. 3. Draw a map of Rwanda to show the above mentioned archaeological site. Important! As a way of conserving the environment, places of historical importance need to be protected. Such places can be used to generate income to the locals and to the government. This can be achieved through tourism. (v) Linguistics Activity 1.6 1. Pronounce the following words in your local language: • Teacher • Chalk • Computer • Class • Family 2. Identify the similarities and differences in the pronunciations of the given words. Linguistics deals with the study and analysis of languages, their sound, evolution structure and formation. It also deals with the relationship between various languages. From these studies, one can conclude that people of the 6 same language may have been in contact. For example, Bantu language has common words linked to ‘NTU’. That indicates that they may share a common historical origin. Important! Even when all of you have a common local language, the pronunciations of words may differ. This is because of where each of you was born. In spite of all this, the meaning remains the same. Language is a unifying factor among people. This is because they can understand each other, can relate well and solve any issues that may arise amongst them. This promotes peace in the long run. (vi) Anthropology This is the study of the existing social institutions and relationships of people’s cultures, traditions, norms, values and attitudes. It deals with the study of how societies were established. It also deals with how they were socially, economically and politically organised. All these act as a basis of transformation of society to the present status. By studying people’s past, we appreciate their culture. This helps us to pick and promote acceptable behaviour. We also avoid what has been proved