Links to Learning Objectives DEFINITION OF LEARNING OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 2) LO 5.1 Learning LO 5.8 Controlling behavior and resistance LO 5.9 Behavior modification CLASSICAL CONDITIONING LO 5.2 Study of and important elements COGNITIVE LEARNING LO 5.3 Conditioned emotional response LO 5.10 Latent learning, helplessness and insight OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 1) LO 5.4 Operant, Skinner and Thorndike OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING LO 5.5 Important concepts LO 5.11 Observational learning theory LO 5.6 Punishment problems LO 5.7 Reinforcement schedules Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Operant Conditioning Operant Stimuli Behavior 5.8 How do operant stimuli control behavior? • Discriminative stimulus –cue to specific response for reinforcement Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements 1 Biological Constraints • Instinctive drift – animal’s conditioned behavior reverts to genetic patterns – e.g., raccoon washing, pig rooting Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements ehavior modification Application of operant conditioning to effect change Behavior Modification 5.9 What is behavior modification? • Use of operant techniques to change behavior Tokens Time out Applied Behavior Analysis Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements 2 ShapingShaping 11 Small steps Effective 22 reinforcement Heavy early 33 reinforcement Reinforce less 44 and less Incorporate 55 Harder steps Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Bio and Neurofeedback • Biofeedback – • Neurofeedback – controlling modifying involuntary behavior via responses brainscanning (e.g., blood and feedback pressure) via about brain biological activity feedback Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Cognitive Learning 3 Cognitive Learning Theory 5.10 How do latent learning, learned helplessness and insight relate to cognition? • Early days of learning – focus on behavior • 1950s and 1960s – increased focus on mental events (cognition) • Edward Tolman – early cognitive scientist Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Tolman’s Rats & Latent Learning 5.17 What was Tolman’s classic study on latent learning? Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Learned Helplessness • Learned helplessness - tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of I know some people who live in a repeated horrible situation but won’t leave. Is failures this the same thing? Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements 4 Insight: Rapid Perception of Relationships “Although Thorndike and other early learning theorists believed that animals could not demonstrate insight, Kohler’s work seems to demonstrate that insight requires a sudden “coming together” of all the elements of a problem in a kind of “aha” moment that is not predicted by traditional animal learning studies.” -Page 208 (Ciccarelli & White) Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Observational Learning bservational learning 5 Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment 5.21 What was Bandura’s classic Bobo doll study? • Two conditions – aggressive and non-aggressive model • viewers of aggression played more aggressively • model’s behavior imitated even in absence of reward Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Learning vs. Performance Learning can occur without performance Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Steps In Observational Learning To learn through ATTENTION observation, must MEMORYMEMORY first attend to model IMITATIONIMITATION MOTIVATION Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements 6 Steps In Observational Learning Learner must ATTENTION be able to MEMORYMEMORY retain what was IMITATIONIMITATION observed MOTIVATION Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Steps In Observational Learning Learner must be able to ATTENTION reproduce actions of model MEMORYMEMORY IMITATIONIMITATION MOTIVATION Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements Steps In Observational Learning Learner must be motivated to ATTENTION reproduce observed behaviors MEMORYMEMORY IMITATIONIMITATION MOTIVATION Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Schedules Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Elements 7.