INTEGRATED TOURISM MASTER PLAN BOROBUDUR – YOGYAKARTA – PRAMBANAN (ITMP-BYP) ARTICULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS Dokumen D Edition 31 March 2020 BYP ITMP Articulation of Environmental, Social, Socio-Economic and Cultural Heritage Opportunities and Constraints Contents 1. Review and Analysis of Population and Economy ................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Demographic characteristics of the TDAs ........................................................................................... 12 1.2 Socio-Economic Conditions ................................................................................................................. 21 1.3 Indonesia’s economy and tourism ...................................................................................................... 29 1.4 Economic characteristics of the TDAs ................................................................................................. 33 1.5 Tourism’s economic contribution to the TDAs ................................................................................... 44 1.6 Investing in Indonesia ......................................................................................................................... 49 1.7 Investments in the TDAs ..................................................................................................................... 50 1.8 Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) ..................................................................................................... 56 1.9 Aspects Affecting and Affected by Tourism and Their Limitations ..................................................... 57 1.10 Key Issues ............................................................................................................................................ 59 2. Human resources and skills development ............................................................................................................... 62 2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 62 2.2 Current levels of Employment in Tourism .......................................................................................... 64 2.3 Formal Educational Provision in Tourism & Hospitality ..................................................................... 67 2.4 Government Sector Capacity to Realize the ITMP .............................................................................. 72 2.5 Gap analysis of skills in tourism and hospitality ................................................................................. 73 2.6 Non-Formal and Mature-Learner Needs ............................................................................................ 78 2.7 Key Issues ............................................................................................................................................ 79 3. Cultural Heritage .................................................................................................................................................... 80 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 80 3.2 Visitor Frequentation to Borobudur and Prambanan WHS ................................................................ 80 3.3 Cultural Heritage Resources Assessment ........................................................................................... 82 3.4 Heritage Management Challenges ...................................................................................................... 96 3.5 Understanding heritage values and maintaining Outstanding Universal Values ............................. 106 3.6 Unclear responsibilities and weak political will ................................................................................ 110 3.7 Carrying capacities ............................................................................................................................ 110 3.8 Visitor safety and risk ........................................................................................................................ 114 3.9 Key Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 115 4. Analysis of Social and Socio-Economic Patterns .................................................................................................... 117 4.1 Social Impacts of Tourism in the TDAs .............................................................................................. 117 4.2 Economic Impacts of Tourism in the TDA ......................................................................................... 133 4.3 Vulnerable Groups and Indigenous People ...................................................................................... 140 4.4 Key Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 145 5. Disaster, Crisis and Risk Management .................................................................................................................. 147 5.1 Disaster risk management for tourism ............................................................................................. 147 5.2 Disaster management regulations and agencies – national and local ............................................. 149 5.3 Geohazards and disaster risks in Central Java and DI Yogyakarta .................................................... 150 5.4 Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness and Communications ................................................................ 153 5.5 Emergency Response Infrastructure - TDAs ..................................................................................... 157 5.6 Key Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 159 6. Issues, Challenges and Opportunities ................................................................................................................... 160 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 160 6.2 Policy, Legal and Institutional ........................................................................................................... 161 6.3 Population and Tourism Economy .................................................................................................... 162 6.4 Tourism Market................................................................................................................................. 163 6.5 Human Resources and Skills Development ....................................................................................... 164 6.6 Spatial Planning ................................................................................................................................. 165 6.7 Tourism Products and Services ......................................................................................................... 168 ii BYP ITMP Articulation of Environmental, Social, Socio-Economic and Cultural Heritage Opportunities and Constraints 6.8 Environment ..................................................................................................................................... 169 6.9 Cultural Heritage ............................................................................................................................... 170 6.10 Socio-Economic ................................................................................................................................. 171 6.11 Access and Infrastructure ................................................................................................................. 172 6.12 Water and Sanitation ........................................................................................................................ 174 6.13 Crisis and Risk Management ............................................................................................................. 176 6.14 Data collection .................................................................................................................................. 176 6.15 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 178 iii BYP ITMP Articulation of Environmental, Social, Socio-Economic and Cultural Heritage Opportunities and Constraints Appendices Appendix 2.1 - Tourism & Hospitality Educational Institutions (Yogyakarta - Solo - Magelang - Semarang) ....................... 187 Appendix 2.2 - Sample Curricula from Educational Institutions ........................................................................................... 189 Appendix 3.1 - Case Studies .................................................................................................................................................. 192 Appendix 4.1 - Focus Group Discussions Participants .......................................................................................................... 199 Appendix 6.1 - Stakeholder Consultations and Site Visits ...................................................................................................