2251MythsMemories+Futuresa-wJW 28/2/07 4:22 pm Page i Myths, Memories and Futures The National Library and National Museum in the Story of Wales Edited by John Osmond Cover: 13th Century crowned head exhibited by Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales in Cathays Park, Cardiff. Excavated from the remains of Deganwy Castle, near Llandudno, in Spring 1966, it is thought to be the head of Llywelyn Fawr (1173-1240).This memory (or myth?) has been promoted by Harri Webb’s poem The Stone Face, written as a response to the 1966 excavation and reproduced in his The Green Desert (Collected Poems 1950-1969).The poem is quoted overleaf and on page 72 of this volume.The crowned head may originally have lined the most embellished room at Llywelyn Fawr’s castle at Deganwy, the now-vanished hall. Copyright: National Museum of Wales. 2251MythsMemories+Futuresa-wJW 28/2/07 4:22 pm Page ii Published in Wales by A stone face sleeps beneath the earth Institute of Welsh Affairs With open eyes.All history is its dream. The Stone Face by Harri Webb The Institute of Welsh Affairs exists to promote quality research and informed debate affecting the cultural, social, political and economic well-being of Wales. The IWA is an independent organisation owing no allegiance to any political or economic interest group. We are funded by a range of organisations and individuals. For more information about the Institute, its publications, and how to join, either as an individual or corporate supporter, contact: IWA – Institute of Welsh Affairs 1–3 Museum Place Cardiff CF10 3BD Telephone 029 2066 6606 Facsimile 029 2022 1482 Email [email protected] Web www.iwa.org.uk First Impression March 2007 ISBN 1 904 773 20 6 © Institute of Welsh Affairs All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publishers. 2251MythsMemories+Futuresa-wJW 28/2/07 4:22 pm Page 1 Myths, Memories and Futures CONTENTS Preface 2 Notes on Contributors 3 INTRODUCTION 7 Museums and Libraries in Our Lives Peter Stead CHAPTER 1 13 The Creation of the National Museum and National Library Prys Morgan CHAPTER 2 23 Representing the Nation Rhiannon Mason CHAPTER 3 38 New Negotiations: A role for Art and Institutions Within Society Declan McGonagle CHAPTER 4 47 Museums in a Broken World Gaynor Kavanagh CHAPTER 5 58 Whose Memory Do We Keep? John Davies CHAPTER 6 68 Myths and Memories in National Pasts and Futures Tom Nairn CHAPTER 7 77 The Future of National Libraries and Archives Andrew Green CHAPTER 8 92 National Museums of the Future Michael Houlihan 1 2251MythsMemories+Futuresa-wJW 28/2/07 4:22 pm Page 2 Myths, Memories and Futures Preface rofessor Prys Morgan declares in the opening chapter to this volume that National Museum Wales and the National Library of Wales were the product of P the ‘first age of devolution’.As the centenary of their establishment more or less coincides with the commencement of the ‘second age’, it seemed appropriate for the Institute of Welsh Affairs to use the moment for some reflection and forward thinking about their role in the coming decades. The National Library and Museum were established as a conscious nation-building statement at a unique period in the life of Wales. One hundred years ago saw the peak of the Edwardian period of prosperity based on the extractive industries of coal mining in the south, and slate quarrying in the north.Although this economic boom lasted barely a decade, the National Library and Museum survived the Depression years that followed. A century later they connect with a completely different country.What will be their role in 21st century Wales? To answer that question we brought together the authors of this volume.Through 2006 and into 2007 they presented their thoughts to substantial audiences alternately at the National Museum in Cathys Park, Cardiff, and the National Library in Aberystwyth.We asked them to consider how myths, memories and futures have inter-mingled to create the unique institutions we have today.We also asked them to focus on contemporary debates and the future. The Institute is grateful to the authors, to Peter Stead for providing the introductory overview, and to National Museum Wales and the National Library for supporting the project so whole-heartedly. John Osmond Director, IWA 2 2251MythsMemories+Futuresa-wJW 28/2/07 4:22 pm Page 3 Myths, Memories and Futures Notes on Contributors Peter Stead, a native of Barry, previously taught history at Swansea University and has been a visiting professor at the University of Glamorgan. He has twice been a Fulbright scholar in the United States and he is the author of books on film, television, opera and sport. He is the author of critical studies of Denis Potter and Richard Burton and also a study of Welsh acting. For the University of Wales Press he has jointly edited four volumes of essays on aspects of popular culture in Wales. In 1979 he was the Labour candidate for the Barry constituency. He was a member of the Welsh team that won Radio Four’s Round Britain Quiz for four years, and a member of the Department of Culture, Media and Sport panel that chose Liverpool to be the European Capital of Culture in 2008. He is chairman of the Dylan Thomas Prize. Professor Prys Morgan is Emeritus professor of History at the University of Wales, Swansea.A specialist in the history of 19th Century Wales, he has a wide-ranging interest in the development of Welsh institutions. His most recent publication has been the Illustrated History of Wales, published by Tempus in 2002.Educated at St John’s College, Oxford, he began his long career in Swansea when he joined the History Department as a lecturer in 1964, later becoming Reader and eventually professor.A prolific broadcaster and contributor to periodicals on literary and historical subjects, he was deputy editor of Barn from 1966 to 1973 and editor of the Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion until 1988. From 1980 to 1983 he was Chairman of the Welsh Arts Council’s Literature Committee. He has an abiding interest in Iolo Morganwg. His first foray in this field was his study of Iolo Morganwg’s work in the Writers of Wales series in 1975. Famously he contributed a chapter on Iolo’s intervention in relaunching the Eisteddfod in the early part of the 19th Century to the volume The Invention of Tradition, edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger and published in 1983. More recently he has contributed a chapter to The Rattle Skull Genius:The Many Faces of Iolo Morganwg, edited by Geraint H. Jenkins, and published by the University of Wales Press in 2005. He is author of the third volume in the series dealing with the history of the University of Wales, covering the period 1939 to 1993. In 1985 he published the authoritative study Welsh Surnames with his late father Professor T.J. Morgan who was Professor of Welsh at the University of Wales, Swansea. He has also edited Glamorgan Society 1780-1880, volume 4 in the Glamorgan County History series, published in 1991, and authored a study of the Welsh Bible, Beible I Gymru, in 1988. 3 2251MythsMemories+Futuresa-wJW 28/2/07 4:22 pm Page 4 Myths, Memories and Futures Dr Rhiannon Mason is Lecturer in Museum, Gallery and Heritage Studies at the International Centre for Cultural and Heritage Studies, University of Newcastle. In her teaching, she leads modules on the history and theory of museums, and history curatorship in museums. Prior to joining Newcastle University in 2001, she studied for an MA and a PhD at the Centre for Critical and Cultural Theory, at the University of Wales, Cardiff, and taught part-time at the universities of Cardiff and Glamorgan. Her research interests include: the relationship between critical and cultural theory and new museology; museum histories; the representation of identities in museums (gender, cultural diversity); national museums and national identities. She is co-convenor of the British Sociological Association Study Group: Museums and Society. Her book Museums, Nations, Identities:Wales and its National Museums is published by the University of Wales Press in 2007. Declan McGonagle is Director of the Centre for Research in Art,Technologies, and Design at the University of Ulster. He worked and exhibited as an artist for a period after graduation from Belfast College of Art in 1976 before being appointed the first Organiser of the Orchard Gallery in Derry in 1978. His practice as a curator and Director has included the Orchard Gallery, the ICA in London and the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin. He also directed independent projects such as first Tyne International and initiated innovative public art and community and educational programme’s. He has been short-listed for the Turner Prize and has also served on the Jury and has been external examiner in a number of UK institutions. He speaks and writes regularly on the relationships between art, the artist, the institution and communities and is a contributing Editor of Art Forum. He was Irish Commissioner for the 1993 Venice and 1994 Sao Paulo Biennale, and has served on many Boards and Government cultural bodies. Professor Gaynor Kavanagh is Dean of Cardiff School of Art and Design at UWIC.An internationally recognized scholar within the field of museum studies, she has an extensive publication record. She is author of three books History Curatorship; Museums and the First World War; and Dream Spaces: Memory and the Museum.