Pakistan is one of the ten most REPORT water scarce countries PAK 2012 Water quality deterioration is causing health and ecological problems across Pakistan The lifeline of the country can be saved by Integrated River Basin Management Why we are here: To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. www.wwfpak.org [email protected] Preface WWF – UK and WWF – Pakistan have worked together to implement a project on Indus Basin Water Security. This involved an advocacy driven approach to make sure that environment flows in the Indus Water Basin are protected. In the present water crisis in Pakistan, we urgently need to analyze water management in the country for technical and policy implications. 'Development of Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) for the Indus Basin: Challenges and Opportunities' has been launched by WWF. In the current climate change scenario, and the prevailing water crisis there is an urgent need for a critical analysis of water management in Pakistan with a focus on both technical and policy implications. WWF – Pakistan strongly believes that there is a need to scientifically asses the causes that have exacerbated the current crisis, along with determining the loopholes in the overall administrative and response mechanisms that has contributed to the present situation besides the natural calamity. The analysis shall further give pragmatic solutions that will help counter any such future eventualities with greater preparedness. In the absence of a water policy, it was deemed pertinent to have a document that reflects the major water issues, covers the concerns of major stakeholders in water use and presents a way forward. This study also reviews the present policy, institutional and legal framework for water resources, allocation and management, presents a critical analysis of management of 2010 floods, and covers water economics and zoning focusing on irrigated eco zones of the River Indus. Finally, the study looks at international best practices, provides recommendations for an improved river basin management framework for the Indus Basin and identifies the elements of a proposed National Water Policy for Pakistan. The study is the collaborative effort of three water sector specialists: Mr Khalid Mohtadullah, Dr Pervaiz Amir and Ms Simi Kamal. Authors: Simi Kamal, Dr. Pervaiz Amir, Khalid Mohtadullah Technical Assistance: Ali Hasnain Sayed, WWF - Pakistan Copyright WWF - Pakistan 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be copied in any way or in any form without the prior written permission of the publisher. The views expressed in the report may not necessarily be those of WWF. Designed by Nadia Aine Edited by Sana Ahmed LBCDP Lake Biwa Comprehensive Development Project LBOD Left Bank Outfall Drain Abbreviations and Acronyms LGs Local Governments LLBCD Law for Lake Biwa Comprehensive Development MAF Million Acre Feet MDB Murray Darling Basin ADB Asian Development Bank MDBI Murray Darling Basin Initiative AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir MDGs Millennium Development Goals AKRSP Aga Khan Rural Support Programme MNAs Members of National Assemblies AWBs Area Water Boards MoWP Ministry of Water and Power CAS County Water Resources Assistance Strategy MPAs Member of Provincial Assemblies CCI Council of Common Interests MTDF Medium Term Development Framework CEO Chief Executive Officer MW Mega Watt DRC Domestic Resource Cost use NDMA National Drainage Mangemnet Authority ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and Far East NDP National Drainage Programme EPA Environmental Protection Agency NDRM National Disaster Risk Management ERC Emergency Relief Cell NDWP National Drinking Water Policy EU European Union NGO Non Government Organisation FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation NMCs National Mekong Committees FATA Federal Administrated Tribal Area NECP National Energy Conservation Policy FEWS Flood Early Warning System NSP National Sanitation Policy FFA Framework for Action NWFP North West Frontier Province FFC Federal Flood Commission O&M Operation and Maintenance FFD Flood Forecasting Division PADs Provincial Agriculture Departments FOs Farmer Organisations PEPCO Pakistan Electric Power Company GB Gilgit-Baltistan PARC Pakistan Agriculture Research Council GCM's Global Climate Models PCR Project Completion Report GDP Gross Domestic Product PCWR Parliamentary Committee on Water Resources GEF Global Environment Facility PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act GIS Geographical Information System PIDA Provincial Irrigation and Drainage Authority GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood PIDs Provincial Irrigation Departments GM Gross Margin GOP Government of Pakistan PMD Pakistan Meteorological Department GVP Gross Variable Profit PPIB Private Power and Infrastructure Board GW Giga Watt PWP Pakistan Water Partnership GWP Global Water Partnership RBMPs River Basin Management Plans HDR Human Development Report RBOD Right Bank Outfall Drainage HYV's High Yield Variety seeds SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission IBWT Indus Basin Water Treaty SWMO Sindh Water Management Ordinance ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams TDF Tarbela Development Fund ICT Islamabad Capital Territory TDS Total Dissolved Solids IFPRI Institutional Food Policy Research Institute TVC Total Variable Cost IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees IPOE International Panel of Experts VATs Value Added Taxes IRBM Integrated River Basin Management WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority IRSA Indus River System Authority WCAs Water Course Associations ISEA Integrated Social and Environmental Assessment WCD World Commission on Dams IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature WFD Water Framework Directive IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management WUAs Water User Associations IWT Indus Waters Treaty WWF World Wide Fund for Nature JC Joint Committee ZTBL Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limtied JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa KRIL Kinki Improvement Law KW Kilo Watt Acknowledgements The Consultants; Mr Khalid Mohtadullah, Dr. Pervaiz Amir and Ms Simi Kamal would like to acknowledge the many reports, documents and publications used in this study, which are referred to in the report and also mentioned in the bibliography. We would like to thank WWF - Pakistan for their cooperation and continual support throughout this study. The consultants would also like to acknowledge the extensive support from Mr Hammad Naqi Khan and Mr Ali Hasnain Sayed of WWF - Pakistan. We found the WWF - Pakistan publications very helpful. We also like to acknowledge Mr A G Pirzada for detailed discussions on the Indus River System for the study. The following team members worked very closely with us: Ms Meher Marker Noshirwani, a gender and environment specialist, who documented the in-depth discussions among the three authors of the report and IRBM framework. She provided facilitation for the stakeholder workshop, documented the workshop proceedings, prepared the workshop report, and assisted in finalization of the report. Ms Sanaa Baxamoosa, assisted in review of research materials, analysis and report writing, formatting, consolidation of chapters with feedback, note taking of consultants meeting during the development of the IRBM framework. Ms Kausar Hashmi of Raasta Development Consultants coordinated the project between WWF - Pakistan, the authors and team members. She also managed the logistics of the stakeholder workshop, and assisted in finalization of the report. Authors' Profiles Simi Kamal Ms Simi Kamal is a geographer with Bachelors (Hons) and Masters Degrees from the University of Cambridge and 30 years of experience in women's empowerment, water, environment, sanitation and health, irrigation, drainage, food security, climate change and related areas. She is the founder of several private and non-profit organisations including Raasta Development Consultants (now 21 years old), Raasta Marketing Research (Private) Ltd and Hisaar Foundation – A Foundation for Water, Food and Livelihood Security. She is currently Chief of Party of a US AID-supported US$ 40 million fund entitled the Gender Equity Program (GEP). She has also founded several international and national networks and initiatives and carried out numerous assignments for World Bank, ADB, UN agencies, Government of Pakistan and other countries, WWF and numerous international agencies. She was a member of the Technical Advisory Committee of Global Water Partnership (GWP) for six years from 2003 to 2009 and a member of the National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW) from 2003 to 2009. Ms Kamal has over 150 assignments and postings as team leader and consultant to her credit. She is the author and co-author of over 180 research and evaluation reports, handbooks and training modules (several in print), book chapters and over 450 articles and papers published and presented nationally, regionally and internationally. She appears regularly on international and national media on issues relating to water, environment, gender, human rights and the donor-NGO-government nexus. She is a tireless campaigner for fund-raising, emergency support and humanitarian causes. Dr. Pervaiz Amir Dr. Pervaiz Amir is an economist trained at Michigan State University with advanced training in environmental economics at Harvard University. He has a keen interest in the water sector and climate change. He is currently an economist with Asianics