GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON LEGAL HISTORY 10 GUNNAR FOLKE SCHUPPERT The World of Rules A Somewhat Different Measurement of the World GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON LEGAL HISTORY 10 Global Perspectives on Legal History A Max Planck Institute for European Legal History Open Access Publication http://global.rg.mpg.de Series Editors: Thomas Duve, Stefan Vogenauer Volum e 10 Global Perspectives on Legal History is a book series edited and published by the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. As its title suggests, the series is designed to advance the scholarly research of legal historians worldwide who seek to transcend the established boundaries of national legal scholarship that typically sets the focus on a single, dominant modus of normativity and law. The series aims to privilege studies dedicated to reconstructing the historical evolution of normativity from a global perspective. It includes monographs, editions of sources, and collaborative works. 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GUNNAR FOLKE SCHUPPERT The World of Rules A Somewhat Different Measurement of the World Translated from the German original by Rhodes Barrett MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EUROPEAN LEGAL HISTORY 2017 ISBN 978-3-944773-09-4 eISBN 978-3-944773-19-3 ISSN 2196-9752 First published in 2017 Published by Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, Frankfurt am Main Printed in Germany by epubli, Prinzessinnenstraße 20, 10969 Berlin http://www.epubli.de Max Planck Institute for European Legal History Open Access Publication http://global.rg.mpg.de Published under Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 DE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Cover illustration: Christian Pogies, Frankfurt am Main (Illustration taken from: Astronomy: a quadrant and a sextant. Engraving, Credit: Wellcome Collection, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/h39u79ac (CC BY)) Cover design by Elmar Lixenfeld, Frankfurt am Main Recommended citation: Schuppert, Gunnar Folke (2017), The World of Rules. A Somewhat Different Measurement of the World, Global Perspectives on Legal History, Max Plan ck Institute for European Legal History Open Access Publication, Frankfurt am Main, http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/gplh10 Contents Acknowledgements................................... XI Preface............................................ XIII Chapter One Measuringthe Universe of Regulation: Necessity and Procedure.... 1 A. Introduction: Everything that can be Measured and How..... 1 I. With Daniel Kehlmann in the Footsteps of Alexander von Humboldt............................... 1 II. Global Governance by Indicators or Measuring the World as a Problem of Power and Method................. 2 III. Measuring the World as an Applied Case of Governance By and Through Knowledge...................... 6 IV.Our Task of Measurement........................ 9 B. The Need to Measure the World of Law Anew............ 14 I. Law = State / State = Law: A Seemingly Stable Marriage Heading for Divorce........................... 15 II. Law = State: A Formula with Two Extremely Dynamic Constitutive Elements .......................... 17 C. The Coupling and Decoupling of State and Law as Manifestations of Change in Statehood................. 20 I. Statization and Destatization of Law?................ 20 II. Four Variations of Decoupling State and Law.......... 22 D. Four Key Concepts of a Non-State-Centric Perspective on Law . 34 I. The Function of Key Concepts.................... 34 II. The Four Key Concepts in Detail.................. 37 E. On Reflection................................... 54 Contents V Chapter Two The Plurality of Normative Orders. An Exploration............. 59 A. Every Group Gives Itself Rules: A Group-Sociological Perspective..................................... 59 I. Examples of Group-SpecificRule-Setting............. 59 II. Encased in Belongingness: Normative Orders and Group Membership................................. 63 III.GroupSociology: An Interim Review................ 71 IV.TheScience of Regulation: An Aside................ 73 V. What We Understand by Normative Orders........... 74 B. Governance Collectives and their Normative Orders – A Foray 76 I. RegulatoryCollectives as Governance Collectives....... 76 II. Normative Orders of Territorial Governance Collectives . 77 III. Normative Orders of Personal Governance Collectives.... 79 IV.Community-Forming Normative Orders.............. 129 Chapter Three From Plurality of Normative Orders to Plurality of Norm Producers 137 A. What is to be Discussed in this Chapter................. 137 B. The Search for Normative Spaces and How to Set About It . 138 I. Brian Tamanaha’s Socio-Legal Arenas ................. 138 II. Sally Falk Moore’s Semi-autonomous Social Fields ........ 139 III.Thomas Duve’s Fields of Normativity............... 141 IV. The Organizational Fields of Paul DiMaggio and Walter Powell................................ 142 C. A Tour through Five Normative Fields and to the Norm Producers they Accommodate........................ 144 I. Societal Subsystems and “Their” Law................ 144 II. Fundamental Rights as Collective Ordering Phenomena and Supra-Individual Fields of Meaning.............. 152 III. The International Arena and “Its” International Institutions 160 IV. The Global Administrative Space and its Regulatory Agencies .172 V. T h e Transnational Legal Arena and its Norm-Entrepreneurs .. 174 VI Contents D. Normative Yardsticks in the Pluralized Production of Law: TheRule of Law................................. 186 I. Private Norm-Setters as Public Institutions ............ 186 II. Rule-of-Law Principles as Second Order Rules in the Sense of “Rulesfor Rule-making”...................... 187 III.JeremyWaldron’s Rule-of-Law Concept.............. 190 E. ConcludingRemarks.............................. 192 Chapter Four From the Plurality of Normative Orders to the Plurality of Norm Enforcement Regimes: Jurisdictional Communities and their Specific Jurisdictional Cultures........................... 195 A. Normative Orders: “Ought-Orders” Intended for Realization: The Enforcement Dimension of Every Normative Order I. Law Enforcement: A Necessary Element of Effective Legal Orders................................. 195 II. The Organizational-Institutional Dimensions of Norm Enforcement: Norm Enforcement Law and NormEnforcement Regimes..................... 197 III. The Diversity of Norm Enforcement Regimes as a Reflection of the Diversity of Normative Orders....... 199 B. Safeguarding and Enforcing the Law as Functions of Government.................................... 200 I. The Safeguarding of the Law and Judicial Office as Tasks ofthe Divine and/or Religious Exercise of Power....... 202 II. Law Enforcement as a Task of the State: The Duty of the State to Maintain the Well-Functioning Administration of Criminal Justice............................ 205 III. Judicial Authority as a Component of the Manorial System: Two Examples................................ 207 C. Safeguardingthe Law as Civil Right and Civic Duty........ 212 I. Mobilization of the Citizen for Environmental Protection in European Law.............................. 212 Contents VII II. Enforcement of Antitrust Law by Public Authorities or through Private Law?......................... 213 III.Norm Enforcement through Private Law?............ 214 IV. Defence of the Law (Rechtsbewährung) in Criminal Law – Self-Defence................................. 216 D. The Plurality of Norm Enforcement Regimes as a Consequence of Functional Differentiation: The Example of the Professions . 219 I. The Concept of Functional Differentiation............ 219 II. TheRole of Professions......................... 221 E. Norm Enforcement as Institutionalized Social Disciplining . 226 I. The Concept of Social Disciplining................. 227 II. Social Disciplining at Work: The Example of Church Discipline................................... 229 F. Parallel Orders and Their “Parallel Justice”............... 233 I. The Minefield of Parallel Society Semantics........... 233 II. Parallel Conflict Resolution Institutions and Norm Enforcement................................. 235 G. Norm Enforcement through Institutionalized Compliance.... 240 I. Compliance as a Form of ReflexiveRegulation......... 240 II. Concept and Functions of Compliance.............. 242 H. Sanction Modes and Criteria not Disciplined by Law: Forms and Actors................................ 245 I. Imposing Norm-Conforming Behaviour through Thematic and Linguistic Taboos: Political Correctness............. 245 II. Moral Entrepreneurs as Key Actors in the Creation and Enforcement of Social Norms..................... 250 I. The Multiplicity of Sanction Modes as a Selection Problem: FromRegulatory Choice to Choice of Sanctions........... 253 I. The Multiplicity of Sanction Types................. 253 II. From Regulatory Choice to Choice of Sanctions .......... 256 J. ConcludingRemarks.............................. 260 VIII Contents Chapter Five InSearch of the “Right” Concept of Law.................... 263 A. Putting Legal Sociology to the Test .................... 263 I. Eugen Ehrlich or How Bukovina Developed from a Remote Region in the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a Virtual Mecca for Legal Sociologists............... 263 II. Theodor Geiger or From Embryonic and Incomplete