Intellectual Property Principles and Practice Judy Winegar Goans Copyright 2009 Nathan Associates Inc. Previous edition Copyright 2003 - 2004 Nathan Associates Inc. Images are property of their authors and no copyright claim is made thereto. No claim is made to U.S. Government works or other works quoted herein. This work was prepared in the course of USAID Contract No. GEG-I-00- 04-00002-00, SEGIR MACRO II, Task Order H203-300, Andean Trade Capacity Building Program. Previous edition Copyright 2003 - 2004 Nathan Associates Inc. The previous edition of this work was prepared in the course of USAID- Cairo Contract Nos. 263-C-00-96-0050-00, Strengthening Intellectual Property Rights in Egypt, and OUT-PCE-I-822-98-00016-00, Technical Assistance for Intellectual Property Rights in Egypt, and revised in the course of MOBIS Contract No. GS-10F-0619N, Task Order No. 263-M-04- 00020-00. Nathan Associates, Inc., grants to the United States Government, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up, nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in any copyrighted data included herein to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. ii CONTENTS FOREWORD ............................................................................................ IX PREFACE ................................................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................... XII ABOUT THE AUTHOR ....................................................................... XIII INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ......................... 2 Historical background ....................................................................................... 3 Conceptual framework ...................................................................................... 6 Intellectual property as a tool ........................................................................... 8 Moral or non-economic rights .......................................................................... 9 Disclosure ............................................................................................................ 9 Intellectual property and economic development ......................................... 10 Intellectual property and the public interest ................................................. 13 International cooperation ................................................................................ 19 Intellectual Property Definitions .................................................................... 20 TRADE SECRETS AND UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION .............. 22 TRIPS standards .............................................................................................. 24 Secrecy .............................................................................................................. 24 Commercial value because of secrecy ............................................................ 25 Reasonable steps to keep the information secret .......................................... 26 Misappropriation of undisclosed information ............................................... 28 Honest and dishonest means ........................................................................... 30 Special provisions for test data ....................................................................... 31 INVENTIONS AND SIMILAR DEVELOPMENTS ............................. 33 Choosing a method of protection: patents vs. trade secrets ......................... 34 What constitutes making an invention? ......................................................... 36 Determining whether an invention has been made ....................................... 37 Determining inventorship ............................................................................... 38 Statutory means of protection of inventions .................................................. 41 PATENTS ................................................................................................... 42 Patentable subject matter ............................................................................... 43 Exclusions from patentability ......................................................................... 43 Requirements for patentability ....................................................................... 44 Person skilled in the art ................................................................................... 45 Acquiring patent rights ................................................................................... 45 iii Description ........................................................................................................ 46 Enablement ....................................................................................................... 50 Operability ........................................................................................................ 50 Best mode .......................................................................................................... 51 Drawings ........................................................................................................... 51 Claiming the invention .................................................................................... 58 Examination and patent prosecution ............................................................. 64 Distinction between novelty and inventive step ............................................. 65 Novelty .............................................................................................................. 65 Inventive step ................................................................................................... 66 Defenses to assertion of lack of novelty or inventive step ............................. 68 Patent protection of living matter .................................................................. 69 Division of patent applications ........................................................................ 71 Priority .............................................................................................................. 72 International protection of inventions ........................................................... 74 Patent Cooperation Treaty and ...................................................................... 76 International Protection of Inventions ........................................................... 76 Infringement ..................................................................................................... 78 Claim construction ........................................................................................... 78 Preliminary matters ......................................................................................... 79 Enforcing patent rights ................................................................................... 80 Civil remedies ................................................................................................... 81 Defenses to Charge of Patent Infringement ................................................... 83 Defenses to Charge of Patent Infringement ................................................... 83 OTHER STATUTORY FORMS OF ....................................................... 84 PROTECTION FOR INVENTIONS ....................................................... 84 Utility models.................................................................................................... 84 Inventors’ certificates ...................................................................................... 85 INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS .......................................................................... 87 Protected subject matter ................................................................................. 87 Conditions for protection ................................................................................ 88 Drawings ........................................................................................................... 89 Industrial designs and patents ........................................................................ 91 Industrial designs and copyright .................................................................... 91 Special provisions concerning textiles ............................................................ 92 Industrial designs and protection of trade dress ........................................... 92 Rights accorded by an industrial design registration ................................... 93 Patent, utility model, or industrial design - selecting the proper form of protection .......................................................................................................... 93 International protection of industrial designs ............................................... 95 International protection under the Hague Agreement ................................. 95 iv PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION ........................................................ 97 Conditions for protection of plants ................................................................ 97 Novelty .............................................................................................................. 98 Distinctness ....................................................................................................... 98 Uniformity 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