Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guideline Technical Document Barium Health Canada is the federal department responsible for helping the people of Canada maintain and improve their health. Health Canada is committed to improving the lives of all of Canada's people and to making this country's population among the healthiest in the world as measured by longevity, lifestyle and effective use of the public health care system. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document –Barium is available on the internet at the following address: www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/reports- publications/water-quality.html Également disponible en français sous le titre : Recommandations pour la qualité de l’eau potable au Canada : Document technique –Le baryum To obtain additional information, please contact: Health Canada Address Locator 0900C2 Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Tel.: 613-957-2991 Toll free: 1-866-225-0709 Fax: 613-941-5366 TTY: 1-800-465-7735 E-mail: [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Health, 2020 Published: January 2020 This publication may be reproduced for personal or internal use only without permission provided the source is fully acknowledged. Cat.: H144-13/16-2019E-PDF ISBN: 978-0-660-32163-9 Pub.: 190280 Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guideline Technical Document Barium Health Canada Ottawa, Ontario January, 2020 Barium (January 2020) This document may be cited as follows: Health Canada (2020). Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document — Barium. Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (Catalogue No - H144-13/16-2019E-PDF). The document was prepared in collaboration with the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water of the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Health and the Environment. Any questions or comments on this document may be directed to: Water and Air Quality Bureau Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch Health Canada 269 Laurier Avenue West, Address Locator 4903D Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1A 0K9 Tel.: 1-833-223-1014 (toll free) Fax: 613-952-2574 E-mail: [email protected] Other Guideline Technical Documents for the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality can be found on the following web page: www.canada.ca/en/healthcanada/services/environmental-workplace-health/water- quality/drinking-water.html ______________________________________________________________________ Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document Barium (January 2020) Table of Contents Part I. Overview and Application ................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Guideline ............................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Executive summary ............................................................................................................. 1 2.2 Health effects .......................................................................................................... 1 2.3 Exposure ................................................................................................................. 1 2.4 Analysis and treatment ............................................................................................ 2 2.5 International considerations .................................................................................... 2 3.0 Application of the guideline ................................................................................................ 2 3.1 Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 3 3.1.1 Source characterization .............................................................................. 3 3.1.2 Operational monitoring .............................................................................. 3 3.1.3 Compliance monitoring ............................................................................. 3 3.1.4 Distribution system .................................................................................... 3 3.1.5 Private wells ............................................................................................... 4 Part II. Science and Technical Considerations ............................................................................... 5 4.0 Identity, use and sources in the environment ...................................................................... 5 4.1 Environmental fate .................................................................................................. 6 5.0 Exposure .............................................................................................................................. 7 5.1 Water ....................................................................................................................... 7 5.2 Food ........................................................................................................................ 9 5.3 Air ......................................................................................................................... 10 5.4 Consumer products ............................................................................................... 10 5.5 Soil ........................................................................................................................ 10 5.6 Biomonitoring data ............................................................................................... 11 5.7 Multi-route exposure through drinking water ....................................................... 11 6.0 Analytical methods............................................................................................................ 11 6.1 Standardized methods ........................................................................................... 11 6.2 Sample preservation and preparation .................................................................... 12 7.0 Treatment technology and distribution system considerations ......................................... 13 7.1 Barium in water ..................................................................................................... 13 7.2 Municipal scale treatment ..................................................................................... 13 7.2.1 Control options......................................................................................... 14 7.2.2 Conventional coagulation ........................................................................ 15 7.2.3 Chemical precipitation ............................................................................. 15 7.2.4 Ion exchange ............................................................................................ 17 7.2.4.1 SAC resins in sodium and hydrogen forms .................................. 17 7.2.4.2 SAC resin in calcium form ........................................................... 19 ______________________________________________________________________ Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document Barium (January 2020) 7.2.4.3 WAC resin in hydrogen form ....................................................... 20 7.2.5 Membrane technology ............................................................................. 21 7.2.5.1 Improving recovery of reverse osmosis ........................................ 21 7.2.6 Emerging technologies ............................................................................. 23 7.2.6.1 Adsorptive media .......................................................................... 23 7.2.7 Distribution system considerations .......................................................... 23 7.2.8 Treatment chemicals in contact with drinking water ............................... 24 7.3 Residential scale .................................................................................................... 24 8.0 Kinetics and metabolism ................................................................................................... 26 8.1 Absorption............................................................................................................. 26 8.2 Distribution ........................................................................................................... 27 8.3 Metabolism ........................................................................................................... 27 8.4 Excretion ............................................................................................................... 27 8.5 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models ...................................... 27 9.0 Health effects .................................................................................................................... 27 9.1 Effects in humans .................................................................................................. 28 9.1.1 Acute toxicity ........................................................................................... 28 9.1.2 Subchronic and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity .............................. 28 9.1.2.1 Cardiovascular toxicity .............................................................. 29 9.1.2.2 Developmental and reproductive toxicity .................................