Survey of white spirit (mineral turpentine) Part of the LOUS review Version of Public Hearing October 2013 Title: Survey of white spirit (mineral Editing: turpentine) [Name] July 2013 Published by: Photography: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency [Name] Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Denmark Illustration: www.mst.dk/english [Name] Year: Map: 2013 [Name] ISBN no. [xxxxxx] Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. 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Sources must be acknowledged. 2 (mineral turpentine) Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 5 Summary and conclusions ......................................................................................... 8 Sammenfatning og konklusion ................................................................................ 14 1. Introduction to the substance ........................................................................... 21 1.1 General background .............................................................................................................. 21 1.2 Definition of the substance ................................................................................................... 21 1.3 Physical and chemical properties ........................................................................................ 24 1.4 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 24 2. Regulatory framework...................................................................................... 26 2.1 Classification ........................................................................................................................ 26 2.1.1 Harmonised Classification .................................................................................... 26 2.1.2 Notified classification ........................................................................................... 27 2.1 REACH ................................................................................................................................. 30 2.2 Other existing regulation ..................................................................................................... 30 2.3 Other international regulation ............................................................................................ 33 2.4 Eco-labels ............................................................................................................................. 33 2.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 35 3. Manufacture and uses ...................................................................................... 37 3.1 Manufacturing ......................................................................................................................37 3.1.1 Manufacturing processes and sites .......................................................................37 3.1.2 Manufacturing volumes and volumes used ......................................................... 38 3.2 Import and export ................................................................................................................ 39 3.2.1 Import and export of white spirit in Denmark .................................................... 39 3.3 Use ........................................................................................................................................ 39 3.4 Historical trends in use ........................................................................................................ 43 3.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 43 4. Waste management .......................................................................................... 45 4.1 Waste from manufacture and use of white spirit ............................................................... 45 4.2 Waste products from the use of white spirit in mixtures and articles ............................... 46 4.3 Release of white spirit from waste disposal ........................................................................ 46 4.4 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 46 5. Environmental effects and exposure ................................................................. 47 5.1 Environmental hazard ......................................................................................................... 47 5.1.1 Classification ......................................................................................................... 49 5.2 Environmental fate .............................................................................................................. 50 5.3 Environmental exposure ...................................................................................................... 51 5.3.1 Sources of release ................................................................................................... 51 5.3.2 Monitoring data .................................................................................................... 52 5.4 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 52 6. Human health effects and exposure .................................................................. 53 6.1 Human health hazard .......................................................................................................... 53 6.1.1 Classification ......................................................................................................... 53 (mineral turpentine) 3 6.1.2 Absorption, distribution and elimination ............................................................ 53 6.1.3 Acute effects .......................................................................................................... 54 6.1.4 Chronic effects, long-term exposure .................................................................... 54 6.1.5 Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity .........................................................................55 6.1.6 Reproductive and developmental toxicity............................................................ 56 6.1.7 Dose-response estimation ..................................................................................... 56 6.2 Human exposure .................................................................................................................. 56 6.2.1 Direct exposure ..................................................................................................... 56 6.2.2 Indirect exposure .................................................................................................. 58 6.3 Bio-monitoring data ............................................................................................................ 58 6.4 Human health impact .......................................................................................................... 58 6.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 58 7. Information on alternatives .............................................................................. 61 7.1 Identification of possible alternatives .................................................................................. 61 7.1.1 Paint industry ......................................................................................................... 61 7.1.2 Wood impregnation .............................................................................................. 62 7.1.3 Printing Industry ................................................................................................... 62 7.1.4 Other examples: cleaning, degreasing, corrosion inhibition .............................. 63 7.1.5 Other hydrocarbons e.g. dearomatised white spirit (type 3) .............................. 63 7.2 Drivers for substitution ....................................................................................................... 64 7.2.1 Regulation with additional product labeling ....................................................... 64 7.2.2 Ecolabelling ..........................................................................................................