ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF KENDENGLEMBU SITE, EAST JAVA Prepared for Anthony F. Granucci Fund and Indo‐Pacific Prehistory Association Sofwan Noerwidi Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta, Jl. Gedongkuning No. 174, Yogyakarta 55171, Indonesia. Telp. & Fax. +62 274 377913, website www.arkeologijawa.com, Email: [email protected] & [email protected] December, 2008 Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Previous Research and Results ............................................................................................................ 3 Environment Condition ........................................................................................................................ 3 Survey ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Excavation ............................................................................................................................................ 9 KDL TP I ........................................................................................................................................... 9 KDL TP II .......................................................................................................................................... 12 KDL TP III ......................................................................................................................................... 14 RJS TP I ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 21 Austronesian Colonization in Kendenglembu Site ............................................................................... 22 Implication ........................................................................................................................................... 23 Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................... 24 Reference ............................................................................................................................................. 24 Archaeological Research of Kendenglembu Site, East Java, Indonesia i List of Map 1. Map of East Java ............................................................................................................................... 2 2. Situation Map of Kendenglembu Site .............................................................................................. 2 3. Map of Geology and Geomorphology Conditions of Kendenglembu Site ....................................... 4 4. Map of Survey along the Main Stream of Kali Baru River ................................................................ 5 5. Distribution Map of “Cluster of Kendenglembu Basin” Zone .......................................................... 7 6. Distribution Map of “Cluster of Coastal Area” Zone ........................................................................ 8 7. Distribution Map of Excavation Box at Kendenglembu Site ............................................................ 17 8. Location Map of Excavation Box at Rejosari Site ............................................................................. 21 Archaeological Research of Kendenglembu Site, East Java, Indonesia ii List of Table 1. Table of Distribution Sites along the Main Stream of Kali Baru River .............................................. 5‐6 2. Table of Archaeological Finds from KDL TP I .................................................................................... 11‐12 3. Table of Archaeological Finds from KDL TP II ................................................................................... 13‐14 4. Table of Archaeological Finds from KDL TP III .................................................................................. 15‐16 5. Table of Archaeological Finds from RJS TP I ..................................................................................... 19‐20 Archaeological Research of Kendenglembu Site, East Java, Indonesia iii List of Photograph 1. Red‐slipped Pottery and Planks from Surface Find of Panuwunmukti Site ..................................... 6 2. Plank near KDL TP II, Pick Adze made from green‐grey silicified clay stone and Chisel made from grey sand stone near KDL TP I from Surface Find on Kendenglembu Site ........................................ 9 3. Flakes and Blade from Spit 11, and Scraper from Spit 10 of KDL TP I .............................................. 10 4. Large Flakes (Left), Cortex and Chips (Right) from KDL TP II ............................................................ 13 5. Rim, Spout and Body Sherd of Majapahit Style from KDL TP III ...................................................... 15 6. Plank from Surface Find and Red Slipped Pottery from RJS TP I ...................................................... 19 7. Landscape of Kendenglembu Basin, with Merawan Mountain Surroundings ................................. 23 Archaeological Research of Kendenglembu Site, East Java, Indonesia iv List of Picture 1. Section of KDL TP I ............................................................................................................................ 10 2. Section of KDL TP II ........................................................................................................................... 12 3. Section of KDL TP III .......................................................................................................................... 15 4. Section of RJS TP I ............................................................................................................................ 18 Archaeological Research of Kendenglembu Site, East Java, Indonesia v ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF KENDENGLEMBU SITE, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA Sofwan Noerwidi Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta, Jl. Gedongkuning No. 174, Yogyakarta 55171, Indonesia. Telp. & Fax. +62 274 377913, website www.arkeologijawa.com, Email: [email protected] & [email protected] Keywords: Neolithic, Austronesia, Indonesia, Java, The surface survey activity was funding by Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta and the excavation work by Anthony F. Granucci Fund via Indo‐Pacific Prehistory Association. Introduction Java Island is the densest island in the Indonesian Archipelago. From genetic and linguistic perspective, presently in majority Java Island is occupied by Mongoloid gene affiliation people, who speak Austronesian language. But, reconstruction of the colonization process of Java Island by those people is still a mystery case. At present, the most widely accepted explanation for the dispersal of Austronesian speaking people is Blust‐Bellwood model build by composite of historical linguistic comparison and archaeological data. Their theory called as Out of Taiwan or Express Train from Taiwan to Polynesia, proposes Austronesian expansion from Taiwan about 5.000 BP to Island of Southeast Asia via Filipina, Island of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, which is rapidly spread just in one millennium. Before that time, Taiwan colonized by a group of agriculture population from South Cina via Peng Hu Island (Pescadores) about 6.000 BP caused by demographic pressure (Tanudirjo, 2006: 87). From linguistic perspectives, Robert Blust (1984/1985) argued that there are Java‐Bali‐Sasak language group which have closed connection with Malayo‐Chamic language and Barito language in South Borneo (including Madagascar). He has hypotheses, that language has been spoken in Southeast Kalimantan approximately in 1000‐1500 BC. That separated process of the language was took place around 800‐ 1000 BC. From archaeological evidence, “package” of material culture which is associated with distribution of early Austronesian community from Taiwan such as; millet agriculture, domestication of dog and pig, pottery with red slipped decoration, stamped, incised, and cord marked pottery, spindle whorls of baked clay, rectangular polished stone adze, artifact from slate (point) also nephrite (accessories), bark beater stone, and notched net sinker stone. Several of these categories, especially red slipped pottery moved into eastern Indonesia entering Oceania in form of Lapita cultural complex (3.350‐2.800 BP) (see Bellwood, 2002: 313 and 2006: 68). However, that archaeological evidence which can test Blust’s linguistic hypothesis is very rare found in Java, therefore causes reconstruction of the process of Neolithic colonization of Java Island by Austronesia speaking people is still be a mystery case. A number of Neolithic habitation sites was found in Indonesia, and several of those have conducted an intensive research, such as; Tipar Ponjen, Purbalingga (1.180‐870 BP), Nangabalang, West Kalimantan (2.871 BP), Minanga Sipakko, West Sulawesi (2.570 BP) and Punung, Pacitan (2.100‐1.100 BP) (Simanjuntak, 2001). However, there are only Kendenglembu site which is one of only two (just found) pure Neolithic habitation site in Indonesia based of chronology (not tradition) determination. The other similar are sites along Karama River, Kalumpang in West Sulawesi, started from Tasiu, Sikendeng and Lattibung in downstream until Minanga Sipakko,