co GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 342 FLOODS IN ALABAMA MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY Prepared in cooperation with the ALABAMA STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT '·' .!~, ''"-,.~,-.. ', ~ ......... %0 ·~( '' 4:. ,, .. ·~· NOV 30 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 342 FLOODS IN ALABAMA MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY By L. B. Peirce Prepared in cooperation with the ALABAMA STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Washington, D. C., 1954 Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Page Introduction ..••.•. ·...................... 1 Gaging-station records--Continued Acknowledgments........................ 1 Choctawhatchee River basin--Continued Physiography. • . • . • . • . • . 1 Choctawhatchee.River at Caryville, Topography. • . • . 1 Fla.............................. 48 Appalachian Highlands.............. 3 Yellow River basin .......••........•.•.• 48 East Gulf Coastal Plain............ 3 Lightwood Knot Creek at Babble, Ala •.. 48 River basins......................... 3 Escambia River basin. • . • . 49 Mobile River system................ 3 Conecuh River near Troy, Ala .......•.. 49 Tennessee River system............. 5 Conecuh River at Brantley, Ala .....•.. 49 Escambia, Choctawhatchee, and Patsaliga Creek at Luverne, Ala ..•.... 50 Yellow River systems.......... 5 Conecuh River near Andalusia, Ala ....• 50 Appalachicola River system......... 5 Sepulga River near McK~nzie, Ala .•.... 51 Pascagoula and Perdido River Pigeon Creek near Thad, Ala ........... 51 systems....................... 5 Conecuh River near Brooklyn, Ala .•.... 52 Climate................................. 5 Murder Creek near Evergreen, Ala .••... 52 Flood records................... • . 5 Escambia Creek at Flomaton, Ala ...•..• 53 Method of analysis....................... 6 Escambia River near Century, Fla ..•..• 53 Flood frequency at a gaging station.... 6 Perdido River basin .........•.......•..• 54 The flood-frequency graph............ 7 Perdido River at Barrineau Park, Fla .• 54 Limitations of flood-frequency Mobile River basin .•............•......• 54 graphs........................ 7 Coosa River near Rome, Ga .....••.....• 54 Flood frequency by combining records ... 10 Cedar Creek near Cedartown, Ga ........ 55 Combining records by geometric simi- Chattooga River at Summerville, Ga .... 56 larity of frequency graphs .... 10 Chattooga River at Gaylesville, Ala ... 56 Computation of mean annual floods .. 10 Little River near Jamestown, Ala ..•..• 57 Test for geometric similarity ...... 11 Coosa River at Leesburg, Ala .......... 57 Regional frequency graph ......•.... 11 Terrapin Creek near Piedmont, Ala •.•.. 58 Combining records by similarity of Coosa River at Gadsden, Ala ........... 58 mean a~nual floods ........•..... 11 Big Wills Creek near Crudup, Ala ...... 60 Factors influencing the mean annual Big Canoe Creek near Gadsden, Ala ..... 60 flood......................... 11 Choccolocco Creek near Jenifer, Ala ... 61 Hydrologic areas ................... 12 Choccolocco Creek near Lincoln, Ala ... 61 Flood regions of Alabama ........•........ 12 Coosa River near Cropwell, Ala ........ 62 Hydrologic areas of Alabama .............. 14 Talladega Creek at Alpine, Ala ....... 62 Delineation of hydrologic areas ........ 14 Coosa River at Childersburg, Ala .•.... 63 Description of areas ....•............ 15 Hatchet Creek near Rockford, Ala ...... 63 Flood frequency on major rivers .......•.. 18 Tallapoosa River near Ofelia, Ala ..... 64 Coosa River............................ 19 Little Tallapoosa River at Carroll- Alabama River. • . • . 20 ton, Ga.......................... 64 Tombigbee River .............•.........• 24 Little Tallapoosa River near Wedowee, Black Warrior River .....•......•..•.... 30 Ala.............................. 65 Chattahoochee River.................... 31 Tallapoosa River at Wadley, Ala ....... 65 Summary of procedure for estimating flood Uphapee Creek near Tuskegee, Ala ...... 66 magnitudes of selected frequency .... 33 Alabama River near Montgomery, Ala .... 66 Flood estimates for tributary streams .. 33 Autauga Creek at Prattville, Ala ...... 68 Flood estimates for major rivers ....... 34 Big Swamp Creek near Hayneville, Ala .. 69 Maximum floods known ..................... 34 Big Swamp Creek near Lowndesboro, Ala. 69 Gaging-station records ..........•........ 40 Mulberry River at Jones, Ala .......... 70 Apalachicola River basin ......•........ 41 Alabama River at Selma, Ala ........... 70 Chattahoochee River at West Point, Ga. 41 Cahaba River near Acton, Ala .......•.. 72 Chattahoochee River at Columbus, Ga .• 42 Cahaba River at Centerville, Ala ...... 72 Chattahoochee River at Columbia, Ala. 43 Cahaba River at Sprott, Ala ........... 74 Chattahoochee River at Alaga, Ala .... 44 Cahaba River near Marion Junction, Ala. 74 Choctawhatchee River basin ............. 44 Boguechitto Creek near Browns, Ala .... 75 West Fork Choctawhatchee River at Boguechitto Creek near Orrville, Ala .. 75 Blue Springs, Ala ..•...•...•.... 44 Alabama River near Millers Ferry, Ala. 76 Choctawhatchee River near Newton, Ala. 45 Flat Creek at Fountain, Ala ........•.. 76 Pea River near Ariton, Ala ......•.... 46 Alabama River at Claiborne, Ala ....... 77 Pea River at Elba, Ala ...... ~········ 46 Bull Mountain Creek at Tremont, Miss .. 77 Pea River near Samson, Ala ........... 47 Bull Mountain Creek near Smithville, Miss............................. 78 III IV CONTENTS Page Page Gaging-station records--Continued Gaging-station records--Continued Mobile River basin--Continued Mobile River basin--Continued East Fork Tombigbee River at Big- Locust Fork at Trafford, Ala ........ 90 , bee, Miss....................... 78 Turkey Creek at Morris, Ala ......... 91 Tombigbee River at Aberdeen, Miss .... 79 Locust Fork at Sayre, Ala .•.•....•..• 91 Buttahatchee River near Hamilton, North River near Samantha, Ala ...... 92 Ala............................. 79 Black Warrior River at Tuscaloosa, Buttahatchee River near Sulligent, Ala .........•.......•..•........ 92 Ala............................. 80 Black Warrior River near Eutaw, Ala .. 94 Buttahatchee River near Caledonia, Prairie Creek near Gallion, Ala ..... 94 Miss............................ 80 Tombigbee River near Coatopa, Ala ...• 95 Tombigbee River at Columbus, Miss .... 81 Sucarnoochee River at Livingston, Ala. 96 Luxapalila Creek near Fayette, Ala ... 81 Tombigbee River near Leroy, Ala •..... 96 Luxapalila Creek at Steens, Miss ..... 82 Pascagoula River basin •.•••......•..... 97 Tombigbee River near Cochrane, Ala ... 82 Escatawpa River near Wilmer, Ala ..... 97 Sipsey River at Fayette, Ala ..•..•... 83 Tennessee River basin ......•..•..•..... 97 Sipsey River at Moores Bridge, Ala ... 83 Short Creek near Albertville, Ala .... 97 Sipsey River near Elrod, Ala ...•..... 84 Paint Rock Creek near Woodville, Ala. 98 Sipsey River near Pleasant Ridge, Ala. 84 Flint River near Chase, Ala ......•... 98 Noxubee River near Brooksville, Miss. 85 Limestone Creek near Athens, Ala ...•. 99 Noxubee River at Macon, Miss ......... 85 Elk River at Estill Springs, Tenn •... 100 Noxubee River near Geiger, Ala .•..... 86 Elk River near Fayetteville, Tenn .•.. 100 Tombigbee River at Gainesville, Ala .. 86 Richland Creek near Pulaski, Tenn ... 101 Mulberry Fork near Garden City, Ala .. 87 Elk River near Prospect, Tenn ....... 102 Sipsey Fork near Falls City, Ala ..... 87 Big Nance Creek at Courtland, Ala ..•. 102 Clear Creek at Falls City, Ala ....... 88 Shoal Creek at Iron City, Tenn ...... 103 Sipsey Fork near Arley, Ala .......... 88 Cypress Creek near Florence, Ala .... 103 Sipsey Fork near Sipsey, Ala ......... 89 Bear Creek at Bishop, Ala ........... 104 Blackwater Creek near Manchester, Ala. 89 Literature cited .........•.......•....... 105 Locust Fork near Cleveland, Ala ...•.. 90 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate l. Map showing hydrologic areas and flood regions of Alabama ....•..••. Inside back cove!" Figure l. Major physiographic divisions of Alabama .•...................•................. 2 2. Map of Alabama showing rivers and location of gaging stations ................. 4 3. Maximum 24-hour rainfall to be expected once in 50 years ....•...•.............. 5 4. Average annual rainfall in Alabama ............................................• 6 5. Bar graph showing period of record of maximum annual peaks at gaging stations .. 8 6. Homogeneity test graph ..................................•...........•.......... 11 7. Homogeneous flood regions of Alabama .......................................... 12 8. Composite frequency curve for floods in region A......•........•............... 13 9. Composite frequency curve for floods in regions Band C .....••................. 13 10. Relation of mean annual flood to drainage area for area 1 ............•......... 15 ll. Relation of mean annual flood to drainage area for areas 2 and 4 ..•..•......... 16 12. Relation of mean annual flood to drainage area for area 3 ........•...•......... 17 13. Relation of mean annual flood to drainage area for areas 5 and 7 .............. 18 14. Relation of mean annual flood to drainage area for area 6 .......•...•.........• 19 15. Relation of mean annual flood to drainage area for area 8 ..................... 20 16. Relation of mean annual flood to dra2nage area for areas 9 and 10 ............•. 21 17. Frequency of annual floods, Coosa River at Leesburg ....•...••.............•.... 22 18. Frequency of annual floods, Coosa River at Gadsden ..........••................