ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Vol. 5, No. 3, 2020 QUALITY LEVEL OF SURFACE WATER AT THE CONTROL POINTS OF THE WESTERN BUG RIVER (LVIV REGION) Zoryana Оdnorih1, Roman Manko2, Мyroslav Malovanyy1, Christina Soloviy1 1 Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, S. Bandery Str., Lviv 79013, Ukraine, 2 Department of water cadaster and water monitoring Water basin management of the Western Bug and San rivers, 14, Krushelnytski Family Str., Lviv 79017, Ukraine, [email protected] https://doi.org/10.23939/ep2020.03.125 Received: 07.05.2020 © Оdnorih Z., Manko R., Malovanyy M., Soloviy C., 2020 Abstract. The article analyzes the negative impact of river network value of 0.34 km/km2. In Ukraine, there enterprises and public utilities on the surface water quality of are more than 4 thousand rivers longer than 10 km, of the Western Bug River basin (within the Lviv region). The which 117 are over 100 km long. There are 0.25 km dynamics of changes of indicators of the main pollutants at six of rivers per 1 km of the country`s territory [1]. The control points (2016–2018) and the assessment of surface main source of nutrition of rivers and the formation of water quality for 2018 are presented. It is proposed to replace the control units on the Western Bug River and its tributaries water resources of Ukraine is the precipitation, which 3 in order to obtain more accurate information and improve the averages 366 km (or 609 mm). However, only a 3 work on the basin water management. small part of them (about 50 km , or 83 mm) forms an annual runoff. The remaining moisture is spent on Key words: control points, surface water monitoring, the evaporation. On average, 159 km3 of water enters the Western Bug River basin, surface water quality level. territory of Ukraine from its borders. Thus, the total water resources are 209 km3. 1. Introduction The main hydrographic characteristics of the rivers which indicate the development peculiarities of Water is the national wealth of every country, one the river system formation processes and surface runoff of the natural foundations of its economic development. are water intake area, number, and length of rivers, the Access to water sources determines the possibilities density of the river network, the slope of the river, and of industrial and agricultural development, location characteristics of river valleys. Depending on the water of settlements, organization of recreation and health intake area, length, water content, hydropower reserves, improvement of people. Traditionally, water users of suitability for water transport, Ukrainian rivers are divided Ukraine (industry, agriculture, and public utilities) for into large, medium, and small [2]. decades have been collecting/discharging water as an economic resource from water bodies and using water 2. Theoretical part energy (hydropower, water transport, fisheries, sports, and tourism). This causes the natural and ecological potential of the hydrosphere to be depleted. In 2014, in accordance with the implementation Ukraine is one of the least water-supplied countries of the provisions of the EU Water Framework Directive, in Europe. According to the reserves of local water 9 river basins were identified at the state level in 2014: resources per capita, there is about 1 thousand m3 of the Dnipro river basin, the Dniester river basin, the water per year, per capita of the European Union – an Danube river basin, the Southern Bug river basin, the average of 5.2 thousand m3 per year. Ukraine’s water Don river basin, the Vistula river basin, the Crimea river objects cover 24.2 thousand km2, which is 4.0 % of its basin, the Black Sea river basin, the Azov river basin [3] total territory (603.7 thousand km2) with an average and 12 basin units have been established. 126 Zoryana Оdnorih, Roman Manko, Мyroslav Malovanyy, Christina Soloviy The flow of the Western Bug River basin is In Ukraine, the control and conservation of formed on the territory of three states – Poland (49.2 % surface water is governed by the following legal acts: of the area) of Ukraine (27.4 %) and Belarus (23.4 %). the Law of Ukraine “On Environmental Protection", the The Western Bug is a left tributary of the Narew River Water Code of Ukraine (Article 16), the Law of Ukraine (the Vistula River basin). The length of the territory of “On Drinking Water and Drinking Water Supply", Ukraine is 404 km, of which 363 km is the natural “Rules for the Protection of Surface Water from course of the watercourse serving as the state border Pollution from Reclaimed Waters” (approved by the between the Republic of Poland, Ukraine and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. Republic of Belarus. The transboundary of the river is a 465 dated 25.03.1999) and other valid normative and particularly important factor as it flows into the Zeżyn by-laws. The fundaments of the state water monitoring reservoir, a source of drinking water for Warsaw. system are based in addition to the aforementioned The Vistula basin covers the rivers in northwestern documents on resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine that are tributaries of the Sian River and the Ukraine and orders of the Ministry of Ecology and Western Bug. The Western Bug within Ukraine flows Natural Resources of Ukraine: “On Approval of the into Lviv and Volyn regions. There are no severe frosts, Regulation on the State Environmental Monitoring droughts, dry winds, and dust storms in this basin. On System” (RCMU No. 391 of 1998, as amended by the contrary, there are frequent thaws in winter, heavy PCMU No. 528 dated May 16, 2001), “Regulations on clouds, heavy rainfalls, and consequent summer-autumn the State Agency for Water Resources of Ukraine” floods. The Western Bug is a mixed-type river that (Decree of the President of Ukraine of April 13, 2011 receives nutrition from melted spring and summer No. 453/2011), “On Approval of the Procedure for State rainfalls with a small part of groundwater nutrition. The Water Monitoring” (RCMU No. 758 of September 19, highest water level is observed in March and April 2018), “Methodological Recommendations for Preparation during the snow melting and in the first half of summer of Regional and General Environmental Monitoring when the highest rainfall occurs. The lowest water Programs” (Ministry of Minecology Order No. 487 of level is in August-September and December-February. December 24, 2001), “Recommendations for Comparison Hydrogeologically the territory of the Western Bug of Water Monitoring Data ”(RD 211.1.8.103-2002), belongs to the Volyn-Podilskyi artesian basin, where “Methodological Guidelines for Analytical Control mineralized and fresh groundwater is distributed. Laboratories Inventory” (RD 211.0.7.104-02), “Guidelines Conditions for groundwater formation in the basin are and Requirements for the Equipment of Standard favourable. Waters of quaternary and pre-quaternary Operational Water Control Points” (RD 211.1.7.105-02), sediments move in the direction from the south to the “Organization and Implementation of Surface Water north. [4]. The main tributaries within Ukraine are: Pollution Monitoring” (in the Ministry of Ecology and right tributaries – the Solotvina River (L = 21 km, Natural Resources of Ukraine) (CPI 211.1.1.106-2003 ), F = 151km2); the White Stream River (L = 30 km, DSTU 3831-98 “Environmental Protection. Automated F = 268 km2); the Spasivka River (L = 27 km, F = 240 km2); Natural Water Quality Control Systems. Types and the Luga River (L = 81 km, F = 1340 km2); left tributaries – Basic Requirements” and others. the Peltiv River (L = 60 km, F = 1440 km2); the Kamianka The organization of a system of research on the River (L = 37 km, F = 142 km2); the Rata River (L = 76 km, qualitative and quantitative status of surface and F = 1790 km2); the Solokiia River (L = 71 km, F = 939 km2); groundwater (aquatic and hydro-ecological monitoring) the Varezhanka River (L = 38 km, F = 239 km2) [5]. in order to predict the risks of river ecosystem Practically all the rivers of the Western Bug basin functioning in the future is relevant. Thanks to the (except the Rata and the Solokia rivers) form river National Security Strategy of Ukraine (2015), it is ecosystems within the Lviv region. A common feature planned to bring national legislation in accordance with of the tributaries is their small basins (from 240 to the EU environmental policy, in particular Directive 1790 km2) and wide wetland floodplains [6]. There is 2000/60/EC “On Establishing a Community Framework a well-developed hydrological network in the Western for Water Policy” (Water Framework Directive). The Bug basin. The average density of the river network is basic requirements for the organization of water 0.35 km2 [5]. monitoring are set out in Annex V [7]. The European Only underground water is used for drinking, Commission has developed a series of Guidelines on a sanitary and communal needs of the population of the Common Strategy for the Implementation of the WFD, Lviv region since the surface water from the Western one of which is dedicated to the issue of monitoring Bug is not suitable for drinking. Surface water is most organization (Guidance Document No. 7 [7]). For state widely used in agriculture and over 80 % is related to monitoring of surface waters, national, regional, fisheries. departmental and local water monitoring programs are Quality level of surface water at the control points of the western bug river (Lviv region) 127 being developed, according to which networks of points, WFD foresees that mandatory control should be indicators, and modes of observation for water bodies, carried out at the points that meet the following criteria: and sources of water pollution, regulations for the – the magnitude of the water runoff is significant transfer, processing and use of information are defined.