WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Zaynab Zeineddine, Samar Sindian, DOI: 10.37394/232015.2020.16.84 Nour Al Hoda Ahmad, George Ismail Low Cost Electronic Brailler ZAYNAB ZEINEDDINE, SAMAR SINDIAN, NOUR AL HODA AHMAD, GEORGE ISMAIL CCE Department – Faculty of Engineering Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL) P.O.Box: 30014 -Wardanyeh LEBANON Abstract: -The majority of blind or visually impaired students in the third world countries are still using the mechanical brailler for their education. With technology advancements and electronic communication, relying on paper-based brailler would not be efficient nor productive. The "LCE Brailler" is a low-cost electronic brailler whose main features are to vocalize, braille, save and convert Braille characters typed by a blind student to alphabetical ones, which are then displayed on a computer’s monitor. In order to promote an interactive educational experience among students, teachers and parents, the proposed brailler has an affordable low price with advanced capabilities. The device’s design is simplistic and its keyboard is familiar to the blind user. It is based on the raspberry pi technology. The LCE device was tested by visually impaired students and proved to provide accurate mechanical functionality, accuracy, braille-to-text and text-to-audio blind assistant with a user- friendly graphical user interface. Key-words: -Braille, Blind, Python, Electronic, Braille-to-text converter, Raspberry Pi, Visually impaired People. Received: September 22, 2020. Revised: October 26, 2020. Accepted: November 20, 2020. Published: December 9, 2020. 1 Introduction Statistics by the World Health Organization estimates coding are described by using PYTHON's Raspberry 285 million people around the world to be visually Pi technology as a language. The circuit board impaired with 39 million blind and 246 million with connects the Raspberry Pi to the Braille keypad low vision [1] . Braille is a tactile writing aid used by designed to make it easier for the blind user to use. blind people and visually impaired people. Braille is The rest of the paper is organized as follows: in not just a language. It is a code that allows all Section 2, we explain how Braille cells function to languages to be written and read. It uses raised dots read and write. Its two Subsection provides an to represent the letters of the printed alphabet in overview of the features and costs of the various embossed paper. It also includes symbols that types of braillers found on today's market as well as represent various notations to be used for a description of the braillers in the research with their punctuation, scientific characters, foreign languages, contrast. Section 3 presents the proposed "LCE etc. BRAILLER" describing its uses and advantages, as Considering the importance of such emerging well as its hardware design and software technology for the education of young blind students, implementation. The experimental results and testing developing a low-cost device for translating the of the LCE are explained in Section 4. This paper is Braille code to the Latin or Arabic alphabet would finally concluded in Section 5, accompanied by a allow schools to overcome this problem not only YouTube video link that shows a blind student testing from an educational point of view but also from a of the LCE. financial point of view. By consulting a Lebanese institute for deaf, blind and learning disabilities, and as per their requirements, we have developed a low 2 Background on Braillers cost braille-to-text converter with a similar embossed braille keyboard familiar for the blind student. Since the advent of the Braille in 1821, braille The LCE, an electronic Brailler, can be used by gradually came to be accepted throughout the world visually disabled people to help them navigate as the fundamental form of written communication computers much like a sighted person. Logarithm and for blind individuals, and today it remains basically E-ISSN: 2224-3496 811 Volume 16, 2020 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Zaynab Zeineddine, Samar Sindian, DOI: 10.37394/232015.2020.16.84 Nour Al Hoda Ahmad, George Ismail as he invented it [2]. However, in third world countries, the introduction of the Smart Brailler in schools has unfortunately not been observed due to its high cost. Therefore, the mechanical brailler is still the first means of education for young blind students, before eventually learning how to use the standard QWERTY keyboard, consisting of 88 keys, in order to write alphabetical texts. Braille is a method of tactile reading and writing for blind people in which the letters of the alphabet are represented by raised dots. It's read by moving your hand from left to right along each line. Louis Braille's work led him to base the code on just 6- points instead of 12 (as seen in Fig. 1). Braille keypad cells are pressed at the same time depending on the Braille combination of the particular letter or number the user needs to type. Fig. 2 Representation of English characters, symbols and numbers using Braille system 2.1 Existing Braillers in the Market In today’s market, there is two different types of braillers, the mechanical and the electrical brailler. 2.1.1 Mechanical Braillers Fig. 1 The Brailler Cell and Keyboard The "Classic Perkins Brailler" was inbuilt the Nineteen Fifties. It’s like the initial Braille authored by David Ibrahim. It’s a mechanical brailler with an Fig. 2 shows the braille codes for the Latin alphabet. oversized variety of elements, leading to a weight of There is also a code used for math and science 4.7 kg and a worth of over 700 dollars [4]. In 2008, notations called Nemeth [3]. Perkins announced their newly built brailler, “The Next Generation Perkins Brailler”. It is twenty fifth lighter and quieter (keystroke noise is reduced) than the Classic Perkins Brailler. It weighs concerning 3.6 kg and prices around 710 dollars [5]. “Jot-a-Dot” is a small “Quantum Technologies” pocket-sized brailling apparatus [6]. With an ergonomic keyboard style, it is a 6-dot, mechanical brailler and reads the braille as it is being written. It weighs around 350 g and costs $425 [7]. “Tatrapoint” is another “Quantum Technologies” Mechanical Brailler. Slightly longer than the Perkins Next Generation Brailler, this brailler is around half the height, though. It weighs approximately 2, 75 kg and costs 1.540 dollars [8]. 2.1.2 Electrical Braillers Electronic braillers are those where electronic signals are translated into the user's input. Typically, E-ISSN: 2224-3496 812 Volume 16, 2020 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Zaynab Zeineddine, Samar Sindian, DOI: 10.37394/232015.2020.16.84 Nour Al Hoda Ahmad, George Ismail Edit, electronic devices are quicker and simpler to use than Audio Price Weight saves Brailler Feedba mechanical ones. Some for writing in braille, and ($) (kg) convert ck some for reading and writing. "Perkins Electric to text Brailler" is distinguished by its simpler typing, which Mechanical(Perkins) 750 4.7 No No allows users to increase efficiency. It costs around 995 dollars [9]. Next Generation 710 3.6 No No With more benefits, “The Smart Brailler”, shown Electric(Perkins) 995 5.08 No No in Fig. 3, is perhaps the best one. It accelerates Smart Brailler 2195 3.9 Yes Yes learning, facilitates multi-sensory learning through visual and audio feedback, and integrates with Jot-A-dot 425 0.35 No No mainstream Technology. In addition, it edits, saves Tatrapoint 1540 2.75 No No and transfers brailed documents to digital text files Mountbatten 3895 4.7 Yes Yes via USB. It also involves non-braille users and electrical brailler encourages better communication between students Cosmo Braille Writer 2330 - Yes Yes and sighted teachers or parents using Roman letters on the display screen [10]. Perkins has priced the Smart Brailler at $2195, although its price could be 2.2 Braillers In Research between $2000 and $2500. As shown in the comparison table (Table 1), Braille embossers are known for their bulk and high price levels. As a consequence, the third-world countries are also unable to take advantage of this emerging technology. Because of these drawbacks, several researches have been carried out to introduce low- cost braillers. In Table 2, we will present some papers and projects that worked on fulfilling this objective. Table 2 Comparison table between braillers in research. Fig. 3 Perkins Smart Brailler. Main Main BRAILLER Year Components Functionalities The “Mountbatten electrical brailler” from Used Quantum Technology has an easy-to-use right and -PIC16F877 Low cost Microcontroller erase feature and also has an audio response that Write paper- Electronic - 3Stepper 2001 based Braille informs the user what commands are entered. It has Braille Motor text. the ability to attach a PC keyboard to allow viewed Typewriter [13] Controllers peers to write in braille. Mountbatten Pro has a voice synthesizer that allows file management and text -Electronic editing [11]. The cost of the Mountbatten is about circuit board mounted on the Brailler for text 3,895 dollars. A modified underside of entry into Another type is "Cosmo Braille Writer" or Perkins Brailler 2002 the Brailler. windows "eBrailler Cosmo" produced by Electronic Brailler [14] -Computer with applications. LLC. It can be used as a braille embosser or as a Windows OS Braille input and output system for a computer while using the Duxbury Braille Translation program. The Conversion of a Text to Braille -Camera Cosmo Braille Writer does not have electrical 2016 captured text to Converter [15] -Raspberry Pi components or cables with in the keyboard itself. braille on paper. Cosmo Braille Writer's price is 2,330 dollars [12]. Entered text A comparison between the majority of the -Arduino from braille braillers mentioned above on the basis of their prices -Refreshable keyboard to braille cell braille cells E-Brailler [16] 2016 and the different functionalities of the braillers is using using shown in Table 1.