Surf Tourism and Sustainable Community Development in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia: a Multiple Stakeholder Perspective Nicholas Towner A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2013 School of Applied Humanities 1 Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................... 7 List of Photos .......................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 13 List of Appendices ................................................................................................... 14 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... 15 Attestation of Authorship ....................................................................................... 16 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 17 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 19 Chapter 1 : Introduction .......................................................................................... 21 1.1 Rationale ............................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Aims and Research Questions ............................................................................... 24 1.3 Research Approach ............................................................................................... 25 1.4 Thesis Structure ..................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 2 : Literature Review .................................................................................. 30 2.1 Sustainable Tourism Development ....................................................................... 30 2.2 Stakeholders and Sustainable Tourism Development .......................................... 32 2.3 Sustainable Livelihood Model ............................................................................... 35 2.4 Community Participation in Tourism .................................................................... 42 2.5 Stakeholder Collaboration in Tourism Development ........................................... 46 2.5.1 The collaborative advantage .......................................................................... 49 2.6 CBT Models ........................................................................................................... 50 2.7 The Evolution of Surf Tourism ............................................................................... 53 2.8 Surf Tourism Research .......................................................................................... 57 2.9 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................. 62 2 Chapter 3 : Methodology and Case.......................................................................... 64 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 64 3.2 Paradigm Choice.................................................................................................... 64 3.3 The Grounded Theory Approach .......................................................................... 67 3.4 The Case Study Method ........................................................................................ 73 3.5 The Mentawai Islands ........................................................................................... 75 3.5.1 Surf tourism in the Mentawais ...................................................................... 83 3.5.2 Marine tourism management in Indonesia ................................................... 85 3.5.3 Surf tourism management in the Mentawai Islands ..................................... 87 3.5.4 Study sites ...................................................................................................... 90 3.6 Research Methods .............................................................................................. 104 3.7 Study Design ........................................................................................................ 105 3.7.1 Pilot visit ....................................................................................................... 107 3.7.2 Interpretation and translation ..................................................................... 109 3.8 Local Community Interviews ............................................................................... 111 3.8.1 Setting up the interviews ............................................................................. 111 3.8.2 Conducting the interviews ........................................................................... 114 3.9 Government and Operator Interviews ............................................................... 119 3.10 Surf Tourist Online Questionnaire .................................................................... 121 3.11 Analysis .............................................................................................................. 123 3.12 Fieldwork Challenges ........................................................................................ 124 3.13 Ethics and Indonesian Research Permit ............................................................ 126 Chapter 4 : Surf Tourists and Their Perceptions of Surf Tourism Development ....... 128 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 128 4.2 Surfer Characteristics .......................................................................................... 128 4.3 Travel Motivations and Satisfaction Levels ......................................................... 138 4.4 Tourist Expenditure ............................................................................................. 142 3 4.5 Local Community Involvement ........................................................................... 147 4.6 Mentawai Surf Tourism Management ................................................................ 158 4.7 The Impacts of Surf Tourism ............................................................................... 159 4.8 Future Development ........................................................................................... 161 4.9 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................... 164 Chapter 5 : Operator, Government and Other Stakeholder Perceptions of Surf Tourism Development .......................................................................................... 166 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 166 5.2 The Stakeholders ................................................................................................. 166 5.2.1 Surf tourism operators ................................................................................. 166 5.3 The Meaning of Surf Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development .............. 168 5.4 Mentawai Surf Tourism Development ................................................................ 173 5.5 Management and Consultation .......................................................................... 178 5.6 Community Participation .................................................................................... 182 5.7 Perceived Positive Impacts of Surf Tourism ........................................................ 186 5.8 Perceived Negative Impacts of Surf Tourism ...................................................... 190 5.9 Changes to Katiet ................................................................................................ 193 5.10 Challenges to Participation in the Mentawai Surf Tourism Industry ................ 196 5.11 Operators’ Perceptions of Ways Government Could Improve Their Involvement ................................................................................................................................... 198 5.12 Future Development ......................................................................................... 200 5.13 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................. 205 Chapter 6 : Host Communities’ Perception of Surf Tourism Development .............. 207 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 207 6.2 The Study Villages ............................................................................................... 207 6.3 Local Communities’ Perception of Tourists and Tourism ................................... 210 6.4 Community Change ............................................................................................. 214 4 6.4.1 The local community’s perceptions of the positive impacts of surf tourism development ......................................................................................................... 215 6.4.2 The local community’s perceptions of the negative impacts of surf tourism development ........................................................................................................