'SI ADAM ET EVA PECCAVERUNT, QUID NOS MISERI FECIMUS?' THE RECEPTION OF AUGUSTINE'S ONTOLOGICAL DISCOURSE ON THE SOUL IN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Simon Leonard Hendrik Haverkamp A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2013 Full metadata for this thesis is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this thesis: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4513 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 ‘Si Adam et Eva peccaverunt, quid nos miseri fecimus?’ The Reception of Augustine’s Ontological Discourse on the Soul in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. SIMON LEONARD HENDRIK HAVERKAMP This thesis is submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews February 2013 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Simon Leonard Hendrik Haverkamp, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 75.000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in March 2007 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in March 2007; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between [2007] and [2013]. (If you received assistance in writing from anyone other than your supervisor/s): I, Simon Leonard Hendrik Haverkamp, received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of the translating of some horrible medieval latin which was provided by prof. Maxwell Stuart. Date February 9th, signature of candidate ……… 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of ……… in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date …… signature of supervisor ……… 3. Permission for electronic publication: (to be signed by both candidate and supervisor) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: Add one of the following options: (iii) Access to [all or part] of printed copy but embargo of [all or part] of electronic publication of thesis for a period of 5 years (maximum five) on the following ground(s): publication would preclude future publication; Date February 9th signature of candidate …… signature of supervisor ……… For Margje magnificent sister, childhood soul-mate, loving mother of three (even if she doesn't believe in dedications) Soul of a Man Won't somebody tell me, answer if you can! Want somebody tell me, what is the soul of a man I'm going to ask the question, answer if you can If anybody here can tell me, what is the soul of a man? I've traveled in different countries, I've traveled foreign lands I've found nobody to tell me, what is the soul of a man I saw a crowd stand talking, I came up right on time Were hearing the doctor and the lawyer, say a man ain't nothing but his mind I read the bible often, I tries to read it right As far as I can understand, a man is more than his mind When Christ stood in the temple, the people stood amazed Was showing the doctors and the lawyers, how to raise a body from the grave “Blind” Willie Johnson (1897-1945) Abstract Thesis analyses the reception of Augustine of Hippo's (354-430) ontological discourse on the soul in late antiquity and the early middle ages, more specifically in the sixth and the ninth centuries. Since Augustine never wrote a De anima, nor always presented his readers with definite answers to questions, there was room for later authors to interpret and improvise. This thesis focuses on 4 texts: Cassiodorus Senator's De anima, Eugippius of Lucculanum's massive florilegium the Excerpta ex operibus Sancti Augustini, both from the sixth century, Gottschalk of Orbais' letter Quaestiones de anima, and John Scottus Eriugena's apologetic De divina praedestinatione liber, both from the ninth century. This thesis establishes that, apart from Cassiodorus, the author's main interest in Augustine's ideas on the ontology of the soul rests on the way it impinges on their contemporary predestination debates. Cassiodorus consciously wanted to produce a Christian De anima in a classical vein. Especially the question of the origin of the soul takes the interest of Eugippius and Gottschalk. This is an important question for predestination debates, since it is supposed to explain technically how original sin came to be universal. Augustine never found a satisfactory answer to this thorny question. Eriugena's genius lies in building an original ontology of the soul on Augustine's own foundations which sidesteps this problem of the origin of the soul entirely. Acknowledgements I would like to extend my warm gratitude to Karla Pollmann, who has helped me shape this thesis and through her acute questions and conversations lead me to the insights in Augustine insofar as I have gained them. My examiners Willemien Otten and Mark Elliot have given me useful pointers for the improvement of this thesis. This thesis has been written in the context of the project 'After Augustine', and has received gracious funding from the Leverhulme Trust. Other fundgivers are the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, the Hendrik Muller Vaderlandsch' fonds, Radboud Wetenschappelijk Onderwijsfonds and the Ketel 1 Studiefonds, and I thank them all. The School of Classics, its staff and pg community have given me shelter in St. Andrews for the duration of the PhD. and made the experience more enjoyable. I am grateful for the support my family has given me, and for Gerja's and Felicitas' support. And of course for the true friends who stood by me in the process (especially Els, Marko, Hanneke, Lot, Thijs, Yann and Graeme)! Abbreviations The abbreviations used in this thesis for the works of Augustine are based on those of the Corpus Augustinianum Gissense. Acad. De Academicis libri tres c. adv. leg. Contra adversarium legis et prophetarum libri duo agon. De agone christiano liber unus an. et or. De anima et eius origine libri quattuor an. quant. De animae quantitate liber unus bapt. De baptismo libri septem civ. De civitate dei libri viginti duo conf. Confessionum libri tredecim corrept. De correptione et gratia liber unus dial. De dialectica div. qu. De diversis questionibus octoginta tribus liber unus doctr. chr. De doctrina christiana libri quattuor en. Ps. Enarrationes in Psalmos ench. De fide spe et aritate liber unus ep. Epistulae c. ep. Man. Contra epistula Manicaei quam vocant fundamenti liber unus c. Faust. Contra Faustum Manicheum libri triginta tres Gn. litt. De Genesi ad litteram libri duodecim Gn. litt. inp. De Genesi ad litteram liber unus inperfectus Gn. adv. Man. De Genesi adversus Manicheos libri duo imm. an. De immortatlitate animae liber unus c. Iul. Contra Iulianum libri sex c. Iul. imp. Contra Iulianum opus imperfectum lib. arb. De libero arbitrio libri tres mag. De magistro liber unus mor. De moribus ecclesiae catholicae et de moribus Manicheorum libri duo mus. De musica libri sex ord. De ordine libri duo pecc. mer. De peccatorum meritis persev. De dono perseverantiae liber ad Prosperum et Hilarium secondus qu. Quaestiones libri septem qu. eu. Quaestiones evangeliorum libri duo retr. Retractationum libri duo s. sermo Simpl. Ad Simplicianum libri duo = ep. 37 sol. Soliloquiorum libri duo trin. De trinitate libri quindecim The following abbreviations are used for series (except for the AL all series of editions). AL Augustinus Lexikon BA Bibliothèque Augustinienne CCCM Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis CCL Corpus Christianorum series Latina CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum PL Patrologia Latina Contents Introduction . 1 Part One: Augustine Chapter 1. Augustine’s ontological discourse on the soul . 9 1.1 Function of the soul . 10 1.1.1 Participation in species and being . 10 1.1.2 Transmission of the species . 12 1.2 The structure of the soul . 13 1.2.1 Three assumptions on the soul . 13 1.2.2 Vegetative and animal soul . 14 1.2.3 Rational soul . 15 1.3 Properties of the rational soul . 16 1.3.1 Incorporeal . 16 1.3.2 Immortal . 17 1.3.3 Divine? . 18 1.3.4 Mutable . 21 1.4 The origin of the soul . 22 1.4.1 The origin of the soul in the anti-Manichean polemic: original sin and theodicy . 24 1.4.2 The universality of original sin in the young Augustine .