Global India Dialogue Series “THE INDIAN DIASPORA IN AFRICA: EVOLUTION OF POLICY AND CHALLENGES TO REALISATION” Lecture discussion by: Professor Ian Taylor St. Andrews University, Scotland Organised by: Organisation for Diaspora Initiatives (ODI) 5-Dakshinapuram, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi- 110067 (www.odi.in) Supported by: 1 | Global India Dialogue Series EDITOR’S MESSAGE The economic rise of India in 21st Century led it to its proactive engagement of the world in economic, diplomatic, and Diasporic areas. The advent of Narendra Modi Government in India added special emphasis on the engagement of Indian Diaspora across the world. Many other countries like China, Brazil, Mexico, and Poland had launched similar aggressive Diaspora engagement policies. Thus, Diaspora has emerged as one of the prime movers of India’s foreign policy. It has become important for not only India but for other countries as well to engage their Diaspora to promote bilateral relations. Given huge presence of Indian Diaspora globally, it is crucial to understand the relative importance of Indian Diaspora in foreign policies. Africa is one region, where India and China are trying to engage and leverage their Diaspora presence to augment their bilateral relations with the region and both countries are using their competitive strength to increase their influence in the region, which is engagement of civil society and benign Diasporas. Prof. Ian Taylor, who is one of the world’s leading researchers on China’s engagement with Africa, is researching the comparative importance of Diaspora in engagement of India in Africa. His lecture was on Indian Diaspora and Diaspora policy of India from non Indian, non Diaspora perspective. This interaction is a part of the series of international dialogue which Organization of Diaspora Initiatives (www.odi.in ) is organizing to interact, analyze and understand the determinants, dimensions and impact of India’s global engagement on foreign policies and domestic developmental issues and role of Diaspora in that. The programme is being supported by Heinrich Boll Foundation. 2 | Professor Ian Taylor ABOUT ODI Organization for Diaspora Initiatives (ODI) is working to understand the status and role of Diasporic communities across the globe– both in domestic and international context. It maps the emerging roles, networks and operations of different Diasporic communities as a resource in the international civil society space as well as in the host and the home countries. ODI interacts and links various Diasporic communities to ensure a voice and place for large number of communities who feel disempowered under a water tight state based international system. ODI attempts to understand Diasporas by comparing and contrasting their experiences. In this comparative framework, Indian Diasporas, which developed its networks and organizations in the last two decades, is a prime focus of study, both in historical and contemporary perspectives. The head office of ODI is located in New Delhi, India. It has several sister organizations registered in many countries. It includes people and organizations of Indian and non-Indian origin. It has a biannual refereed research journal Diasporas Studies published by Routledge, U.K. It organizes and participates in conferences, seminars and other interactive activities of Indian and other Diasporas which lead to the developments in terms of Diaspora policy, role of Diaspora in the development of India and role of Diaspora in global linkages of India. It is actively engaged in researching and publishing books, journal and occasional papers on Indian and other Diasporas. It takes up comparative research projects on different aspects of Diasporas, including on Diaspora policies of different countries, utilization of Diasporas as resource by the host countries, the role of Diasporas in development and nation building and the impacts of globalisation on Diasporic networks, organisations and movements. ODI was started by a group of academics, policy makers, media and business professionals which is a non-profit, non-political, educational and cultural organization. ODI also has an MOU with Ministry of Overseas Indians, Government of India, as a research, publication, conference and knowledge partner on Indian Diaspora issues. 3 | Global India Dialogue Series THE INDIAN DIASPORA IN AFRICA: EVOLUTION OF POLICY AND CHALLENGES TO REALISATION Ian Taylor Indo-African relations can be traced to ancient times (Beri, 2003) and Africa is host to a long-established Indian Diaspora (a smaller long-established African Diaspora also exists in India (see Karmwar, 2010)). In the contemporary period a new set of dynamics have emerged that has rapidly expanded relations (Taylor, 2012). This has been relatively recent, with 2005–06 dubbed ‘Our Years of Africa’ (Suri, 2008: 2). India’s trade with Africa has doubled in recent years, from $24.98 billion in 2006-07 (Business Day, January 28, 2013) to an expected $90 billion in 2015 (Confederation of Indian Industry/WTO 2013). There are diverse motives for the variety of Indian actors currently establishing themselves in Africa. From the Indian state’s perspective, energy security has been seen as paramount (Bava, 2007: 3), as has the ambition to be taken seriously as an important global player (Sahni, 2007: 21-3). This stems from the celebratory rhetoric around India’s supposed emergence as a Superpower (see Nayar and Paul, 2003; for alternate views, see Mundkur, 2011; Drèze and Sen, 2013). There is no doubt that New Delhi’s politicians harbour ambitions to take up a permanent seat on the UN Security Council (Jobelius, 2007: 4). Equally, as India’s economy continues to grow, Indian business interests have ambitions of themselves to expand their commercial empires. With Africa being described by Manmohan Singh as ‘a major growth pole of the world’ (Times of India, May 24, 2011), the continent is seen as providing political support to India as well as important opportunities for new investment sites and new export markets (Agrawal, 2007: 7). Consequently, ‘economic activity between Africa and Asia is booming like never before’ (Broadman, 2008: 97). The discussion about an Indian Diaspora in Africa needs to be placed within this context. Indeed, the changes in India’s political economy and the progressive commercialization of Indian foreign policy with regards to Africa are the keys to understanding the current interest in the Diaspora in Africa. The study of Diasporas is a growing academic field, with India’s being no exception. Before discussing any notional Indian Diaspora however, some key challenges need to be flagged up. Firstly, the very idea of an Indian Diaspora in Africa is often cast as obvious and common sense and analysis then starts from a rather unreflective position. Groups are classified without any rigorous definition of what exactly is a Diaspora. Given that the majority of so-called Indians in Africa left the sub-continent before partition, an “Indian” i.e. a Republic of India Diaspora cannot be unquestionably assumed. Secondly, the sense of community is often assumed when no such thing may exist. Such a homogenizing conception of a Diaspora obscures inner stratification of the groups in terms of class, caste, ethnic and regional origins. The Indian Diaspora is no exception and in fact, caste and religious differences are profound. Thirdly, an a-historical perspective is often adopted which assumes the permanence of the transnational groups’ identity, regardless of the period during which migration occurred or how long the Diaspora has been in existence. A ready identification 4 | Professor Ian Taylor with India is often assumed, although why this should be the case is rather strange. No-one would assume that an Australian or American of British descent holds an emotional attachment to Mother England (far from it!), so why India should be different is rather curious. These issues will all be discussed below. Clearly, the overseas Indian community is not homogeneous. At least six phases of outmigration can be distinguished: (i) merchants who went to East Africa or South–East Asia before the 16th century; (ii) migration of various groups (traders, farmers) to neighbouring countries (Ceylon, Nepal, Burma etc.); (iii) indentured labourers to colonial possessions in the West Indies, Fiji, Mauritius or Natal; as well as migration through middlemen to Malaya; (iv) migration of skilled/semi-skilled workers after the Second World War towards the developed countries (primarily the United Kingdom); (v) migration of contract workers to the Persian Gulf; (vi) contemporary migration of Information Technology workers to developed countries (primarily the USA) (Lessinger, 2003). Indo-Africa relations: some general comments In light of much current Indian rhetoric about its relations with Africa, the struggle for Indian independence inspired African nationalism and is a powerful legacy that continues to have redolence today—even if only at the state level. However, whilst Gandhi may have set down the moralistic underpinnings for Indo-African relations, it was Jawaharlal Nehru who provided a political framework, with a strong element of South-South solidarity infusing India’s early post-colonial foreign policies. Central to Nehru’s ambitions in this regard was the ‘gradual creation of friendly, cooperative, and mutually constructive relationships between India and the various countries of Africa’ (Park, 1965: 350). Nehru in fact referred to Africa as a ‘sister continent’