TRACE WP1 D1.3: A report concerning the macro and micro analyses of human trafficking Project acronym: TRACE Project title: Trafficking as A Criminal Enterprise Grant number: 607669 Programme: Seventh Framework Programme – Security Research Objective: SEC-2013.6.1-3 Contract type: Coordination and support action Start date of project: 01 May 2014 Duration: 24 months Website: www.trace-project.eu Deliverable D1.3: A report concerning the macro and micro analyses of human trafficking Author(s): Toine Spapens, Ana-Maria Tamas, Aija Lulle, Hugo Durieux, Vineta Polatside, Cristina Dragota, Angelos Constantinou, Julia Muraszkiewicz Dissemination level: Public Deliverable type: Final Version: 1 Submission date: 25 November 2014 1 TRACE WP1 D1.3: A report concerning the macro and micro analyses of human trafficking Table of Contents Executive summary ................................................................................. 6 PART 1. General Introduction ................................................................ 8 1.1 Research questions ............................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Definitions ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Information sources ........................................................................................................... 9 2 Theoretical framework ..................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 What is serious and organised crime? ............................................................................. 11 2.3 Economic perspective on organised crime ...................................................................... 13 2.4 Network perspective on organised crime ........................................................................ 16 2.5 Framework for analysis ................................................................................................... 18 PART 2 Micro Analysis ......................................................................... 20 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Overview regarding the dynamics of trafficking in persons in Romania, Sweden and Latvia 23 3.2.1 Romania ................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2 Sweden ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Latvia ........................................................................................................................ 26 4 The rcruitment phase ........................................................................ 27 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Recruitment in the context of sexual exploitation ........................................................... 29 4.2.1 The recruitment process ........................................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Recruitment in the context of labour exploitation ........................................................... 37 4.3.1 The recruitment process ........................................................................................... 38 4.3.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 42 4.4 Recruitment in the context of forced begging and criminal activities ............................ 44 4.4.1 The recruitment process ........................................................................................... 44 4.4.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 46 4.5 Recruitment in the context of sham marriages in Latvia ................................................. 47 4.5.1 The recruitment process ........................................................................................... 48 4.5.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 48 5 Facilitating activities ........................................................................ 50 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Facilitating in the context of sexual exploitation ............................................................ 50 5.2.1 The process ............................................................................................................... 50 5.2.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 52 5.3 Facilitating in the context of labour exploitation ............................................................ 54 5.3.1 The process ............................................................................................................... 54 2 TRACE WP1 D1.3: A report concerning the macro and micro analyses of human trafficking 5.3.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 55 5.4 Facilitating in the context of forced begging and criminal activities .............................. 56 5.4.1 The process ............................................................................................................... 56 5.4.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 57 5.5 Facilitating in the context of sham marriages in Latvia .................................................. 57 5.5.1 The process ............................................................................................................... 57 5.5.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 58 6 Exploitation phase ............................................................................ 59 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 59 6.2 Exploitation in the context of sexual exploitation ........................................................... 59 6.2.1 The exploitation process ........................................................................................... 59 6.2.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 61 6.3 Exploitation in the context of labour exploitation ........................................................... 62 6.3.1 The process ............................................................................................................... 62 6.3.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 66 6.4 Exploitation in the context of forced begging and criminal activities ............................ 67 6.4.1 The exploitation process ........................................................................................... 67 6.4.2 Actors and roles ....................................................................................................... 68 6.5 Exploitation: sham marriages in Latvia ........................................................................... 70 6.5.1 The process, Actors and roles .................................................................................. 70 Part 3 Macro Analysis ....................................................................... 71 7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 71 7.2 Overlapping activities and networks ............................................................................... 71 7.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 71 7.2.2 To what extent is THB the work of specialists? ....................................................... 72 7.3 Overlap in the context of sexual exploitation .................................................................. 74 7.3.1 Gangs and ‘lover boys’ ............................................................................................ 74 7.3.2 Multi-tasking criminal groups in the Netherlands ................................................... 75 7.3.3 Mafia-type organised crime and terrorist groups .................................................... 76 7.4 Overlap in the context of labour exploitation .................................................................. 77 7.5 Overlap in the context of forced begging and criminal activities ................................... 79 7.5.1 Forced begging ........................................................................................................ 79 7.5.2 Trafficking in the context of other crimes ................................................................ 80 8 Comparison