Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology Binod Kumar Kanaujia Neeta Singh Sachin Kumar Rectenna: Wireless Energy Harvesting System Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology Series Editors Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth Univ. & KES International, Shoreham-by-sea, UK John Littlewood, School of Art & Design, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK Lakhmi C. Jain, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia The book series aims at bringing together valuable and novel scientific contribu- tions that address the critical issues of renewable energy, sustainable building, sustainable manufacturing, and other sustainability science and technology topics that have an impact in this diverse and fast-changing research community in academia and industry. The areas to be covered are • Climate change and mitigation, atmospheric carbon reduction, global warming • Sustainability science, sustainability technologies • Sustainable building technologies • Intelligent buildings • Sustainable energy generation • Combined heat and power and district heating systems • Control and optimization of renewable energy systems • Smart grids and micro grids, local energy markets • Smart cities, smart buildings, smart districts, smart countryside • Energy and environmental assessment in buildings and cities • Sustainable design, innovation and services • Sustainable manufacturing processes and technology • Sustainable manufacturing systems and enterprises • Decision support for sustainability • Micro/nanomachining, microelectromechanical machines (MEMS) • Sustainable transport, smart vehicles and smart roads • Information technology and artificial intelligence applied to sustainability • Big data and data analytics applied to sustainability • Sustainable food production, sustainable horticulture and agriculture • Sustainability of air, water and other natural resources • Sustainability policy, shaping the future, the triple bottom line, the circular economy High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for the series. 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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16477 Binod Kumar Kanaujia · Neeta Singh · Sachin Kumar Rectenna: Wireless Energy Harvesting System Binod Kumar Kanaujia Neeta Singh School of Computational and Integrative School of Computational and Integrative Sciences Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India New Delhi, India Sachin Kumar Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai, India ISSN 2662-6829 ISSN 2662-6837 (electronic) Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology ISBN 978-981-16-2535-0 ISBN 978-981-16-2536-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2536-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Wireless energy harvesting is in high demand these days due to its numerous appli- cations. Understanding energy harvesting methods is essential for real-time appli- cations. The goal of this book is to give readers an overview and approach to designing harvesting systems. Electromagnetic analysis and a literature review of various harvesting systems are also included in this book. Our book is divided into five chapters. The first chapter, “Introduction,” introduces wireless energy harvesting and the device used in this process, known as a “rectenna.” This chapter discusses various types of energy sources that are freely available in the environment. Previously published work and recent developments are also discussed to provide a better understanding of the harvesting system. The second chapter “Background and Origin of the Rectenna” presents a history of rectenna. It discusses the architecture of the harvesting system. It provides a detailed overview and development of the rectenna. The impact of various energy harvesting applications on human life is also explained. The third chapter “Antennas” investigates various types of antennas used in energy harvesting systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each antenna type are discussed. The most recent advancements in antenna design are also explained. The fourth chapter, “Matching Network and Rectifier Circuit,” discusses the importance of the rectifier and impedance matching circuit. This chapter discusses various lumped circuits and distributed circuits, as well as their advantages and drawbacks. The theory and various topologies of rectifier and matching circuits are discussed in depth. The characteristics of the Schottky diode are also discussed. The fifth chapter, “Rectenna Implementation,” provides an overview of various techniques available for designing a rectenna. Various electromagnetic simulators are discussed for antenna and rectifier circuit implementation. Optimization techniques are also discussed to help readers understand the antenna and rectifier integration. New Delhi, India Binod Kumar Kanaujia New Delhi, India Neeta Singh Chennai, India Sachin Kumar v Contents 1 Introduction ................................................... 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 WhyNotWires? ........................................... 1 1.2.1 E-waste ........................................... 2 1.2.2 PowerLoss ........................................ 3 1.3 WirelessPowerTransmission(WPT).......................... 4 1.3.1 NeedofWPT ...................................... 5 1.4 WirelessEnergyHarvesting(WEH) ........................... 7 1.4.1 FrissTransmissionEquation.......................... 9 1.5 Frequency Range of the Rectenna . 10 1.6 Recent Developments . 15 References . 18 2 Background and Origin of the Rectenna .......................... 21 2.1 History of the Rectenna . 21 2.1.1 Development in the Field of Solar Power Satellite . 22 2.2 Rectenna Technology . 26 2.2.1 Single-Band Rectenna . 26 2.2.2 Broadband Rectenna . 27 2.2.3 Multiband Rectenna . 27 2.2.4 Rectenna Array . 28 2.2.5 Optical Rectenna . 28 2.2.6 Rectenna Architecture . 28 2.3 Types of WPT . 29 2.3.1 Near-FieldWPT .................................... 30 2.3.2 Far-FieldWPT ..................................... 33 2.4 Applications ............................................... 35 2.4.1 ChargingofVehicles ................................ 35 2.4.2 Self-sustainable Home Appliances . 36 2.4.3 Microwave-PoweredTrains........................... 36 2.4.4 Wireless Drones . 37 2.4.5 SmartMedicalHealthcare ........................... 37 vii viii Contents 2.4.6 SmartAgriculture................................... 39 2.4.7 WirelessPowerGrid ................................ 39 2.4.8 SmartCity ......................................... 40 2.4.9 Self-drivene-Vehicles ............................... 41 2.4.10 Microwave Power Sources in Disaster . 41 2.4.11 MedicalCareofAnimals............................. 42 2.5 Power Available in the Ambient Environment . 43 2.5.1 Sensitivity . 44 2.5.2 Resonator Q-factor .................................. 44 2.5.3 PowerConversionEfficiency ......................... 45 2.5.4 Operation Range . 45 References . 46 3 Antennas ...................................................... 49 3.1 Introduction . 49 3.2 Types of Printed Antennas . 49 3.2.1 Microstrip Antenna . 50 3.2.2 Printed Dipole Antenna . 51 3.2.3 Monopole Antenna . 51 3.2.4 Slot Antenna . 51 3.2.5 Inverted-F Antenna . 52 3.2.6 Planar Inverted-F Antenna . 52 3.2.7 Printed Inductor Antenna . 53 3.2.8 Printed Quasi-Yagi-Uda Antenna . 53 3.2.9 Log-Periodic Antenna . 54 3.2.10 Fractal Antenna . 54 3.2.11 Customized Printed Antenna . 56 3.2.12 Comparison of the Planar Antennas . 56 3.3 Important Specifications of Antenna Design . 56 3.3.1 Working Frequency . 57 3.3.2 Impedance . 57 3.3.3 ReturnLossandVSWR ............................. 58 3.3.4 RadiationPattern ................................... 58 3.3.5 DirectivityandGain................................