NEW Excellence in Basic Science & Technology CON SE DA R R O Y I N U J E T D 1 I E A U C H E R ’ S G CURRENT NERDC Curriculum FREE DIGITAL NEW Excellence in Basic Science & Technology CON SE DA R R O Y I N U J E T D 1 I E A U C H E R ’ S G Contributors/Reviewers: Olushola Felix Bello Johnson Abolaji Ayinnuowo Fatimah Adewumi Nofiu Olanrewaju Joshua Ayeni Published by Cambridge University Press University Printing House, Cambridge CB BS, United Kingdom Distributed in Nigeria by Cambridge University Press Nigeria Ltd E Muri Okunola Street, Victoria Island, Lagos State, Nigeria Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ © Cambridge University Press This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published New edition published ---- Authors: Helen Collett, Peter Holmes, Elizabeth Ritchie, Cheryl Thomas, Annette Koch, Fairuz Parker Editor: Ilené Slabber Proofreader: Allison Lamb Designer: Mellany Fick Typesetter: Stacey Gibson Illustrator: Val Myburgh Cover image: ©Carlos Malvar/GettyImages Acknowledgements e publishers and authors would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for permission to use their material in either the original or adapted form: Topic and unit title images BigStock: p. 67 © Gary518 Getty Images: p. 1 © Dan Tarradellas, p. 39 © Yuji Kotani, p. 64 © CSA Images, p. 98 © Nithin Joy/EyeEm Every eort has been made to trace copyright holders. 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If you want to know more about this book or any other Cambridge University Press publication, phone us at +234 703 844 5052 or send an e-mail to [email protected] Contents Introduction . v Section 2 Basic technology . 39 Suggested scheme of work . viii Theme 5 Understanding basic technology 40 Topic 13: Understanding technology 40 Section 1 Basic science. 1 Topic 13: Assessment: Answers . 42 Theme 1 Learning about our environment . 2 Topic 14: Basic electricity . 43 Topic 1: Family health . 2 Topic 14: Assessment: Answers . 44 Topic 1: Assessment: Answers. 5 Theme 6 Safety . 45 Topic 2: Environmental pollution. 6 Topic 15: Safety guidelines . 45 Topic 2: Assessment: Answers . 8 Topic 15: Assessment: Answers . 46 Topic 3: Living and non-living things . 9 Topic 16: Workshop safety . 47 Topic 3: Assessment: Answers . 11 Topic 16: Assessment: Answers . 48 Theme 2 Human development and reproduction . 12 Theme 7 Materials and processing. 49 Topic 4: Human development . 12 Topic 17: Properties of materials . 49 Topic 4: Assessment: Answers . 13 Topic 17: Assessment: Answers . 52 Topic 5: The reproductive system . 14 Topic 18: Building materials . 53 Topic 5: Assessment: Answers . 15 Topic 18: Assessment: Answers . 55 Topic 6: Human reproduction (i) . 16 Theme 8 Drawing practice . 56 Topic 6: Assessment: Answers . 17 Topic 19: Drawing instruments and materials . 56 Topic 7: Human reproduction (ii). 18 Topic 19: Assessment: Answers . 57 Topic 7: Assessment: Answers . 20 Topic 20: Board practice . 58 Topic 8: HIV/AIDS . 21 Topic 20: Assessment: Answers . 59 Topic 8: Assessment: Answers . 22 Topic 21: Freehand sketching . 60 Theme 3 You and energy . 23 Topic 21: Assessment: Answers . 61 Topic 9: Energy. 23 Theme 9 Tools, machines and processes . 62 Topic 9: Assessment: Answers . 25 Topic 22: Woodwork hand tools . 62 Topic 10: Renewable and non- renewable energy . 27 Topic 22: Assessment: Answers . 65 Topic 10: Assessment: Answers . 29 Topic 23: Metalwork hand tools . 66 Topic 11: Forces . 30 Topic 23: Assessment: Answers . 68 Topic 11: Assessment: Answers . 32 Topic 24: Maintenance of tools and machines . 69 Theme 4 Science and development . 33 Topic 24: Assessment: Answers . 71 Topic 12: The Earth in space . 33 Practice test: Answers . 72 Topic 12: Assessment: Answers . 26 Practice test: Answers. 37 Section 3 Physical and health education �. 74 Section 4 Information technology �. 98 Theme 10 Basic human movement �. 75 Theme 13 Early technology �. 99 Topic 25: Physical education and Topic 34: Technology of different health education �. 75 information ages . 99 Topic 25: Assessment: Answers �� � � 76 Topic 34: Assessment: Answers �� � 101 Topic 26: Physical fitness and body Theme 14 Basic computer operations conditioning programme � 77 and concepts �. 102 Topic 26: Assessment: Answers �� � � 78 Topic 35: Historical development Topic 27: Recreation, leisure and of computers � � � � � � � � � 102 dance activities �� � � � � � � � 79 Topic 35: Assessment: Answers �� � 104 Topic 27: Assessment: Answers �� � � 80 Topic 36: Basic computer concepts 105 Theme 11 Sports and games �. 81 Topic 36: Assessment: Answers �� � 106 Topic 28: Athletics (track and field) � 81 Topic 37: Data processing � � � � � � � 107 Topic 28: Assessment: Answers �� � � 82 Topic 37: Assessment: Answers �� � 109 Topic 29: Ball games � � � � � � � � � � � � 83 Theme 15 Computer ethics. 110 Topic 29: Assessment: Answers �� � � 86 Topic 38: Basic knowledge of IT �� � 110 Topic 30: Contact and non-contact Topic 38: Assessment: Answers �� � 112 sports �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 87 Topic 39: Applications of IT in Topic 30: Assessment: Answers �� � � 89 everyday life �� � � � � � � � � 113 Theme 12 Health education . 90 Topic 39: Assessment: Answers �� � 114 Topic 31: Personal, school and Topic 40: Information transmission� � 115 community health �� � � � � � 90 Topic 40: Assessment: Answers �� � 116 Topic 31: Assessment: Answers �� � � 91 Practice test: Answers. 117 Topic 32: Food, nutrition and health � 92 Glossary �. 119 Topic 32: Assessment: Answers �� � � 93 Topic 33: Pathogens, diseases and their prevention � � � � � � � � 94 Topic 33: Assessment: Answers �� � � 95 Practice test: Answers. 96 Introduction Introduction – Basic • avoid drug abuse and related vices • be safety and security conscious. Science & Technology The Basic Science & Technology curriculum Major issues shaping contemporary that was revised in 2012 is the result of the growth and development of nations and restructuring and integration of four Primary influencing knowledge-driven societies, and Junior Secondary science curricula. The such as those listed below, were identified following science subjects were integrated and infused into the curriculum content at into one: every level: • Basic science • Environmental education • Basic technology • Climate change • Physical and health education • Drug abuse education • Information technology. • Foods and drugs safety education • Disaster risk reduction education This became necessary to reduce the number • Consumer education of subjects offered in Primary and Junior • Safety and security Secondary schools, to prevent repetition • Entrepreneurship. and duplication of concepts that resulted in curriculum overload, to encourage innovative The goals teaching and learning approaches and techniques The goals of the curriculum place emphasis on: that promote creativity and critical thinking • guided inquiry in students, to promote the holistic view of • activity-based teaching and learning using science at this level for better understanding of a locally sourced materials contemporary and changing world and to infuse • examples that are indigenous and familiar emergent issues that are of national and global to students concern, such as gender sensitivity, globalisation • content that engenders development of and entrepreneurship, into the curricula. relevant attributes and survival strategies for living successfully in a contemporary The purpose of the curriculum and global world. The main objectives of the curriculum are to prepare the students to: Time allocation • develop an interest in science and technology To cover this curriculum, the recommended • acquire basic knowledge and skills in weekly time allocation is three or four periods science and technology of 40 minutes each. Students need to do • apply scientific and technological knowledge regular revision at home in order to cope with and skills to meet contemporary societal needs the content and new terminology. • take advantage of the numerous career opportunities provided by science and The role of the teacher technology • become prepared for further studies in One of the principle duties of a science science and technology and technology teacher is to prepare and present interesting lessons to his or her students. Introduction v The teacher has to: • for concluding the lesson. This will assist • be as well informed as possible on the you to find out whether students have scheme of work for the subject understood the concepts/terminology in the • know the aims and objectives of each topic lesson. It will also highlight any areas that • select appropriate content materials they need to revise at home or for you to • decide on the best methods of presentation, revisit in the next lesson. such as PowerPoint presentations, • Teachers must ensure that they do not appear workstations, videos, discussion groups, to have favourites in the class, so devise worksheets, question-answer sessions, a system to ensure that you ask questions debate, and experiments fairly, but