Primer Offenses Involving Commercial Sex Acts and Sexual Exploitation of Prepared by the Minors Office of the General Counsel DISCLAIMER The Commission’s legal staff publishes this document to assist in understanding and applying the sentencing guidelines. The information in this document should not be considered definitive or comprehensive. In addition, the information in this document does not necessarily represent the official position of the Commission on any particular issue or case, and it is not binding on the Commission, the courts, or the parties in any case. To the extent this document includes unpublished cases, practitioners should be cognizant of Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, as well as any corresponding rules in their jurisdictions. Want to learn more about relevant statutes, case law, and guidelines on a specific topic? The Commission’s legal staff offers a series of primers to assist in understanding and applying the sentencing guidelines on the following topics— Aggravating and Mitigating Role Adjustments Firearms Offenses Antitrust Offenses Immigration Offenses Categorical Approach Intellectual Property Offenses Offenses Involving Commercial Sex Acts and Loss Calculation under §2B1.1 Sexual Exploitation of Minors Relevant Conduct Computer Crimes Retroactive Guideline Amendments Crime Victims' Rights RICO Offenses Criminal History Selected Offenses Against the Departures and Variances Person and VICAR Drug Offenses Sexual Abuse and Failure to Register Offenses Economic Crime Victims Supervised Release Fines for Organizations Learn more at https://www.ussc.gov/guidelines/primers. UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION One Columbus Circle, N.E. Suite 2-500, South Lobby Washington, DC 20002-8002 T: (202) 502-4500 F: (202) 502-4699 www.ussc.gov ║ @theusscgov This document was produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense. Primer on Offenses Involving Commercial Sex Acts and Sexual Exploitation of Minors (2021) TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 II. RELEVANT STATUTES .................................................................................................................................................. 1 A. 8 U.S.C. § 1328 (Importation of Alien for Immoral Purpose) .................................................... 1 B. 15 U.S.C. § 7704 (Other Protections for Users of Commercial Electronic Mail) ................ 1 C. 18 U.S.C. § 1466A (Obscene Visual Representations of the Sexual Abuse of Children) .. 2 D. 18 U.S.C. § 1591 (Sex Trafficking of Children or By Force, Fraud, or Coercion) ................ 2 E. Chapter 110 of title 18 (Sexual Exploitation and Other Abuse of Children) ....................... 3 1. 18 U.S.C. § 2251 (Sexual Exploitation of Children) ............................................................ 3 2. 18 U.S.C. § 2251A (Selling or Buying of Children) .............................................................. 5 3. 18 U.S.C. § 2252 (Certain Activities Relating to Material Involving Sexual Exploitation of Minors) ................................................................................................................. 5 4. 18 U.S.C. § 2252A (Certain Activities Relating to Material Constituting or Containing Child Pornography) ................................................................................................. 7 5. 18 U.S.C. § 2257 (Record Keeping Requirements) ............................................................. 8 6. 18 U.S.C. § 2257A (Record Keeping Requirements for Simulated Sexual Conduct) .............................................................................................................................................. 9 7. 18 U.S.C. § 2260 (Production of Sexually Explicit Depictions of a Minor for Importation into the United States) ......................................................................................... 9 F. Chapter 117 of Title 18 (Transportation for Illegal Sexual Activity and Related Crimes) ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 1. 18 U.S.C. § 2421 (Transportation Generally) ..................................................................... 10 2. 18 U.S.C. § 2421A (Promotion or Facilitation of Prostitution and Reckless Disregard of Sex Trafficking) .................................................................................................... 10 3. 18 U.S.C. § 2422 (Coercion and Enticement) ...................................................................... 11 4. 18 U.S.C. § 2423 (Transportation of Minors) ..................................................................... 12 5. 18 U.S.C. § 2425 (Use of Interstate Facilities to Transmit Information About a Minor) ............................................................................................................................................. 13 6. 18 U.S.C. § 2426 (Repeat Offenders) ...................................................................................... 13 7. 18 U.S.C. § 2259A (Assessments in Child Pornography Cases) ................................... 13 8. 18 U.S.C. § 3014 (Additional Special Assessment) ........................................................... 14 III. GUIDELINES OVERVIEW: CHAPTER TWO, PART G................................................................................................ 14 A. Applicable Offense Guidelines .............................................................................................................. 14 B. Relevant Conduct ....................................................................................................................................... 14 i Primer on Offenses Involving Commercial Sex Acts and Sexual Exploitation of Minors (2021) C. Section 2G1.1 (Promoting a Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct with an Individual Other than a Minor) ...................................................................................................... 15 1. Base Offense Level ......................................................................................................................... 15 2. Specific Offense Characteristic: Fraud or Coercion ......................................................... 15 3. Cross Reference .............................................................................................................................. 16 4. Special Instruction ......................................................................................................................... 16 5. Chapter Three Adjustments ...................................................................................................... 17 6. Upward Departure Provision ................................................................................................... 17 D. Section 2G1.3 (Promoting a Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct with a Minor; Transportation of Minors to Engage in a Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct; Travel to Engage in Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct with a Minor; Sex Trafficking of Children; Use of Interstate Facilities to Transport Information about a Minor) ............................................................................................. 17 1. Base Offense Level ......................................................................................................................... 18 2. Specific Offense Characteristics ............................................................................................... 18 a. Parent, relative, or legal guardian/Custody, care, or supervisory control ..................................................................................................................................... 18 b. Knowing misrepresentation or undue influence .................................................. 18 i. Misrepresentation of identity ........................................................................... 19 ii. Undue influence ...................................................................................................... 19 c. Use of a computer .............................................................................................................. 20 d. Sex act or sexual contact/Commercial sex act ....................................................... 21 e. Minor younger than 12 .................................................................................................... 21 3. Cross References ............................................................................................................................ 21 a. Section 2G1.3(c)(1) ........................................................................................................... 21 b. Section 2G1.3(c)(2) ........................................................................................................... 22 c. Section 2G1.3(c)(3) ........................................................................................................... 22 4. Special Instruction ......................................................................................................................... 23 5. Upward Departure Provision ................................................................................................... 24 E. Section 2G2.1 (Sexually Exploiting a Minor by Production