UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE APPLICATION OF CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN ENHANCING KENYA’S INTERNATIONAL IMAGE. BY SHEILA KAMWETI R50/69335/2011 RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES NOVEMBER 2017 i DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for academic award or qualification in any other institution of higher learning. Signed: ________________________ Date_________________________ SHEILA KAMWETI Supervisor This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the assigned university supervisor. Signature: _______________________________ Date: _________________________ DR. MARTIN.O.OUMA UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ii DEDICATION Special dedication to my Dad, Mum and my siblings, for your love, understanding, support and encouragement during my studies. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research project would not have been completed without the help, guidance and contribution of my supervisor, Dr. MARTIN.O.OUMA, from the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies who owing to his long-standing experience as an Lecturer, guided me through the entire research process. Special thanks to the Kenya Cultural Centre. Bomas of Kenya, Ministry of sports, culture arts and the Ministry of foreign affairs for granting me the opportunity to undertake this course. My sincere appreciation to my lecturers, members of faculty and the staff at Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies (IDIS) for their invaluable guidance and support throughout the period of study. Thank you all iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLESLIST OF FIGURESABSTRACT .................................................................. viii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background of the Study .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Statement of the Research Problem .......................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research Questions: .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4.1 Specific Questions: .......................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.5.1. Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Justification of the study ........................................................................................................... 6 1.6.1 Policy Justification ........................................................................................................... 6 1.6.2 Academic Justification ..................................................................................................... 6 1.6.3 General Justification ........................................................................................................ 6 1.7 Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 7 1.7.1 Cultural Diplomacy and Trade......................................................................................... 7 1.8 Cultural Diplomacy And Education.......................................................................................... 9 1.9 Cultural diplomacy and Peace and security ............................................................................ 12 1.10 Summary of Gaps in Literature Review ............................................................................... 18 1.11 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 18 1.11.1 Liberal Theory ............................................................................................................. 18 1.12 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................ 20 1.13 Research Design and Methodology ...................................................................................... 20 1.13.1 Research Design........................................................................................................... 21 1.13.2 Research site ................................................................................................................ 21 1.13.3 Target Population ......................................................................................................... 21 v 1.13.4 Sample and Sampling Procedure ................................................................................. 21 1.13.5 Research Instrument..................................................................................................... 23 1.13.6 Data processing and analysis Techniques .................................................................... 23 1.13.7 Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER OUTLINE .................................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER TWO:THE ROLE OF CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN ENHANCING KENYA’S INTERNATIONAL IMAGE .................................................................................. 26 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 26 2.1 Foreign Policy and Cultural Diplomacy ................................................................................. 26 2.2 The Kenya Cultural Centers .................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Cultural Diplomacy In Branding Kenya ................................................................................. 27 2.3.1 Language and arts .......................................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 The kenyan film ............................................................................................................. 31 2.4 Chapter Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER THREE:THE STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES APPLIED BY KENYA IN APPLYING CULTURAL DIPLOMACY ................................................................................ 36 3.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 36 3.1. Implementation strategies of cultural diplomacy ................................................................... 36 3.2. Sports under cultural diplomacy ............................................................................................ 37 3.2.1 Sports and Kenya‘s national interest.............................................................................. 39 3.2.2 Sports and branding Kenya ............................................................................................ 41 3.3. Music...................................................................................................................................... 42 3.3.1 Aspects of music genres................................................................................................. 43 3.3.2. Music as an activity of Cultural Diplomacy ................................................................. 45 3.3.3 The Kenyan Music ......................................................................................................... 48 3.4. Chapter Analysis .................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER FOUR:THE CHALLENGES KENYA IS FACING IN ENHANCING CULTURAL DIPLOMACY ...................................................................................................... 50 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 50 4.2 The challenges In Kenyan Sports Industry ............................................................................. 50 4.3 Challenges in Music and film industry ..................................................................................