NASA/TM–2012–215872 Optical Sensors for Planetary Radiant Energy (OSPREy): Calibration and Validation of Current and Next-Generation NASA Missions Stanford B. Hooker, Germar Bernhard, John H. Morrow, Charles R. Booth, Thomas Comer, Randall N. Lind, and Vi Quang July 2012 \G \ # '7-&-'- /0% ' ' \ \ ! " # \#$# # # -' % /0% ' \ \ # % #& ' 1 *2 S\ 1 \ ) # -'. '%&% - 2 * \2 \ S S 5 2 # & \S * * #+ 5 5 # -'. '% /0% ' & 1 \ 2 7 3 \ * + # \ # . \ +88*** 8 2 S 2 * # -2# 6 2 9 3 # 73# 6 .)$ !443) 757-5803 # -'. '%4-4&)/4 \ \ # # .)$!443" 5 6$ 757-5802 * $ # : + ) 3 .)$ # ' # '&'&&- & \2 7115 ) \ #2 . 4);<=>? NASA/TM–2012–215872 Optical Sensors for Planetary Radiant Energy (OSPREy): Calibration and Validation of Current and Next-Generation NASA Missions Stanford B. Hooker NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Germar Bernhard Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California John H. Morrow Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California Charles R. Booth Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California Thomas Comer Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California Randall N. Lind Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California Vi Quang Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 July 2012 Notice for Copyrighted Information This manuscript has been authored by employees of Biospherical Instruments Inc. under contract NNG08HZ17C with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The United States Government has a non-exclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license to prepare derivative works, publish, or reproduce this manuscript, and allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. Any publisher accepting this manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains such a license in any published form of the manuscript. All other rights are retained by the copyright owner. !"#!$!%!&!'($#! &!!#!%&!!$)*'!$+!#!& Space Administration. Level of Review: This material has been technically reviewed by technical management. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service 7115 Standard Drive 5285 Port Royal Road [ Price Code: A17 S.B. Hooker, G. Bernhard, J.H. Morrow, C.R. Booth, T. Comer, R. Lind, and V. Quang Table of Contents Prologue ................................................................................................. 1 1. The OSPREy System Concept ..................................................................... 6 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 6 1.2 System Concept .................................................................................. 10 1.3 Sensor Descriptions .............................................................................. 11 1.4 Data Products ................................................................................... 13 1.5 Quality Assurance Plan .......................................................................... 14 2. Application of Microradiometers to EMR and OXR Sensors ........................................ 18 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 18 2.2 Microradiometer Modifications .................................................................... 19 2.3 Linearity Tests .................................................................................... 20 2.4 Microradiometer Clusters ......................................................................... 21 3. SWIR Cosine Collector Design and Evaluation .................................................... 23 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 23 3.2 Selection of Diffuser Material ...................................................................... 23 3.3 Irradiance Collector Design ........................................................................ 24 3.4 Optimized Cosine Collector ....................................................................... 25 3.5 Final Collector Design Test ....................................................................... 25 3.6 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 26 4. Radiance Field-of-View Specifications ............................................................. 27 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 27 4.2 Engineering Considerations ........................................................................ 27 4.3 Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 29 4.4 Fore Optics Design ................................................................................ 30 4.5 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 31 5. Sun Tracker Performance Evaluation .............................................................. 32 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 32 5.2 Tracker Requirements ............................................................................. 32 5.3 Tracker Selection .................................................................................. 33 5.4 Test Protocol ..................................................................................... 34 5.5 Results ........................................................................................... 34 5.6 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 36 6. Lamp Library Performance ....................................................................... 38 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 38 6.2 Lamp Inventory ................................................................................... 39 6.3 Lamp Operation .................................................................................. 41 6.4 Lamp Transfer Radiometers ....................................................................... 42 6.5 Lamp Transfer Uncertainties ...................................................................... 43 6.6 Lamp Usage Protocol ............................................................................. 45 6.7 Lamp Comparisons ............................................................................... 45 6.8 Usage of OSPREy Lamp Library .................................................................. 49 6.9 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 49 iii OSPREy: Calibration and Validation of Current and Next-Generation NASA Missions 7. Spectrograph Testing and Review: An Engineering Analysis of COTS Spectrographs ............... 50 7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 50 7.2 Test Protocols .................................................................................... 51 7.3 Candidate Instruments ............................................................................ 52 7.4 Results ........................................................................................... 53 7.5 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 60 8. The Integrated OSPREy System .................................................................. 62 8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 62 8.2 Common Design Features ......................................................................... 64 8.3 Starter System .................................................................................... 68 8.4 Minimum System ................................................................................. 69 8.5 Spectral System ................................................................................... 70 8.6 Operational System ............................................................................... 70 8.7 Maximum System ................................................................................. 71 8.8 Transfer Radiometers ............................................................................. 71 8.9 Radiometer Performance .......................................................................... 72 8.10 Remote Sensing Applications ...................................................................... 77 8.11 Discussion and Conclusions ....................................................................... 79 Acknowledgments ................................................................................... 83 Appendices ............................................................................................ 83 Appendix A: Above and In-Water Methods ........................................................ 83 Appendix B: Vicarious Calibration Protocols ...................................................... 86 Appendix C: The BSI Calibration Facility ......................................................... 87 Appendix D: Ancillary Measurements ............................................................