University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2012 There Is No Dishonor in Desertion: Army Racial Intolerance and African-American Soldiers' Desertion Steve Wallace Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Wallace, Steve, "There Is No Dishonor in Desertion: Army Racial Intolerance and African-American Soldiers' Desertion" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 298. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/298 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM BOOTLEGGERS TO AN “OBEY THE LAW” CAMPUS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ALCOHOL POLICIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Higher Education The University of Mississippi by SCOTT THOMAS WALLACE August 2012 Copyright Scott Thomas Wallace 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT College drinking is one of the most prevailing problems on college campuses today. To navigate the issues surrounding college drinking, institutions of higher learning spend countless hours and monetary resources putting together educational pieces, developing governing policies, and implementing stringent sanctioning practices. At the University of Mississippi, a Two-Strike policy was implemented in 2006. The policy is rooted in educational motives and interventional philosophies, but since its implementation the question posed by many is, “Does it work?” Additionally, the University of Mississippi, in an effort to gain clarity and better educate students about the dangers of illegal and abusive drinking, changed its policy on alcohol. The policy, that once was a strict prohibition of alcohol, was amended in April 2007 to allow for the lawful possession and use of alcohol on campus. This dissertation is a mixed-methods study that provides an analysis of the alcohol policies at the University of Mississippi. The study provides the reader with a detailed historical perspective and then uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide data for analysis. The intention of the study is to help decision makers at not only the University of Mississippi but also at other institutions of higher learning gain insight regarding the potential triumphs and challenges of implementing and amending similar alcohol policies. ii DEDICATION It is astonishing to think about the number of people around the globe, and even in our own country, who are unable to read or write. Until one grasps that understanding, it is difficult to fully appreciate the value of and, simply, the pure blessing of an education. To that end, I am blessed beyond belief. This dissertation is dedicated to my late grandparents Glenn and Lois Wallace who with only an eighth- and fourth-grade education respectively continually encouraged me to “get [my] education.” On the subject of education, it was my grandfather who continually told me from the time I was in kindergarten until his death in 2009, to “get as much education as you can. Go as far as you can go. Go all the way!” I’ve often said that when a man dies is the only point in time at which he stops learning and gaining an education, but Granddaddy, in terms of degrees granted by an institution, I’ve about gone as “far as I can go.” Thank you for the encouragement! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While doing research for this study, I came across the dedication in Memorials of Academic Life written in 1891 by the fourth chancellor of the University of Mississippi, John Waddel. His dedication, so poetically graceful and sweet, fits better than anything I could ever compose. He wrote, “To my wife, who after my long years of alternate trial and relief, was sent to me by a Gracious Providence as a light and joy; and amid the changes of a busy life, a sympathizing friend, a wise counselor, and unselfish, shares in joy and sorrow; an earnest helpmeet in all my work.” The sacrifice resulting from late nights and long hours spent away from home was a burden shared by both me and my family. The work never could have been completed without the sacrifice of both my wife, April, and our son, Reed Thomas. I love you two very much! Additionally, my dissertation chair, Dr. Lori Wolff, spent countless hours reading drafts, making suggestions, and guiding me down a path to success. To you, Dr. Wolff, and the rest of my committee--Dr. Kerry B. Melear, Dr. Sparky Reardon, and Dr. Gerald Walton--I am eternally grateful. Of all the scholars around the globe, I could not have had a better committee. To complete a dissertation, it takes a village of people. There are countless others who should be acknowledged but the space on this page is unavailable. The number of people who so willingly helped by providing information for this study and/or who encouraged me through this difficult process is astounding. I am blessed beyond belief! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………... viii CHAPTER I, INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 Action and Change …………………………………………………….. 4 Significance of the Study………………………………………………. 8 Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………… 12 Research Questions…………………………………………………….. 13 Hypothesis............. …………………………………………………….. 13 Conclusion………. …………………………………………………….. 14 Organization of the Study……………………………………………… 14 CHAPTER II, REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………….. 16 Introduction ........... …………………………………………………….. 16 Building Solid Foundations …………………………………………… 17 Why Students Drink……………………………………………………. 19 Education and Reform…………………………………………………. 23 The Written Rules . …………………………………………………….. 29 Conclusion ............ …………………………………………………….. 32 CHAPTER III, METHODOLOGY……………………………………………. 34 Introduction .......... …………………………………………………….. 34 Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………… 35 Research Questions…………………………………………………….. 35 Interview Protocol . …………………………………………………….. 36 Hypothesis............. …………………………………………………….. 37 Sample................... …………………………………………………….. 37 Instruments ............ …………………………………………………….. 39 Quantitative Research………………………………………………….. 41 Study Design ......... …………………………………………………….. 42 Interview Procedure……………………………………………………. 42 Limitations ............ …………………………………………………….. 43 Conclusion ............ …………………………………………………….. 45 v CHAPTER IV, AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE…………………………... 47 Introduction ........... …………………………………………………….. 47 From Moonshine to Milwaukee’s Best: 1799 to 1908…………………. 49 “The Lips That Touch Liquor Shall Never Touch Mine”: 1908-1966… 57 The Dawning of New Days: The Fight for Liquor…………………….. 70 Student Protests In the Heat of the Night………………………………. 76 COLLEGE, Fun in the Sun, and a Rite of Spring…and Beer…………. 83 Perspective, Dialogue, and Proactive Reactions……………………….. 87 Action and Change …………………………………………………….. 97 Conclusion ............ …………………………………………………….. 104 CHAPTER V, QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS……………………….. 106 Introduction .......... …………………………………………………….. 106 About the Data ...... …………………………………………………….. 106 Results ................... …………………………………………………….. 109 Test 1 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 113 Test 2 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 113 Test 3 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 114 Test 4 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 115 Test 5 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 116 Test 6 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 117 Test 7 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 118 Test 8 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 119 Other Drug Violations…………………………………………………..120 Test 9 ..................... …………………………………………………….. 121 Test 10 ................... …………………………………………………….. 123 Conclusion ............ …………………………………………………….. 123 CHAPTER VI, ANALYSIS OF QUALITATIVE INTERVIEW DATA……... 125 Introduction ........... …………………………………………………….. 125 A Greater Problem …………………………………………………….. 126 Not just an Ole Miss problem………………………………….. 127 Minimum age…………………………………………………... 129 The Ole Miss Problem…………………………………………………. 130 Drinking is in very concentrated areas…………………………. 131 Environmentally and culturally based…………………………. 132 Perception because of publicity………………………………... 133 Very public self fulfilling prophecy……………………………. 133 A More Focused Study………………………………………………… 134 Education .............. …………………………………………………….. 135 Education about danger of alcohol and other drugs…………….135 Education about the policies…………………………………… 136 Suggestions for better education……………………………….. 137 The Opportunities and Problems with Alcohol Policies………………. 137 Two-Strike policy opportunities……………………………….. 137 vi Obey the law campus opportunities……………………………. 138 Problems with New Alcohol Policies………………………………….. 141 Problems with obey the law campus…………………………… 141 Problems with Two-Strike……………………………………... 143 Collaboration......... …………………………………………………….. 146 Potentially inaccurate statements and assumptions……………. 146 More collaboration needed…………………………………….. 147 Conclusion