Celts in Legend and Reality ‘And anyway she was always going about with the Mother of God’: the Brigid and Mary stories in Gaelic culture Mary O’Connell And there are some say Brigit fostered the holy Child, and kept an account of every drop of blood he lost through his lifetime, and anyway she was always going about with the Mother of God.2 It is now widely — although not universally — accepted that Saint Brigid3 (c 450–c 523), miracle worker, founder and abbess of Kildare, patron saint of Leinster and Ireland, is a Christianised version of an earlier Celtic goddess of the same or a similar name.4 The goddess Brigid was a corn mother or triple goddess also associated with healing, sacred knowledge, poetry and smithcraft. Like the saint, Charles Sturt University. 2 Lady Gregory, A Book of Saints and Wonders, (1906) Third ed. (Bucks, 1971) 20. 3 Brigid is also known as Bridget, Brigit and Bride. This article follows contemporary scholarly practice in using Brigid. 4 eg Pamela Berger, The Goddess Obscured: Transformation of the Grain Protectress from Goddess to Saint, (Boston, 1995); Angela Bourke, ‘Irish Stories of Weather, Time and Gender: Saint Brigid’ 13–31 in Marilyn Cohen & Nancy Curtin (eds) Reclaiming Gender: Transgressive Identities in Modern Ireland, (New York, 1999) at p 16; Walter L Brenneman Jr & Mary Brenneman, Crossing the Circle at the Holy Wells of Ireland, (Virginia, 1995) 88; Joseph Campbell, Primitive Mythology: the Masks of God, (New York, 1959) at 431–2; J G Frazer, The Golden Bough, 1922 (London,1978) 177–8; Barbara Walker, The Woman’s Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets, (San Francisco, 1983) 116–118; Roy Willis (ed), World Mythology: the Illustrated Guide, (London 1993) 186. 1 Celts in Legend and Reality Papers from the Sixth Australian Conference of Celtic Studies she is also associated with a sacred and eternal fire.5 pre-Christian Celtic early Spring festival of Imbolc.10 To this day, Like the goddess, Brigid the saint has a very large portfolio. As in many parts of Ireland, her special cross is woven from rushes well as being patron saint of Leinster and Ireland she is the patron on the eve of her feast day — a time when the saint is understood saint for ‘babies and infants, blacksmiths, boatmen, cattle, chicken to spiritually traverse the countryside — and hung above the front farmers, children whose parents are not married, dairy maids, door for protection against fire, storm and disease throughout the dairy workers, fugitives, mariners, midwives, nuns, poets, poultry, year. Brigid still has holy wells in her name scattered throughout printing presses, sailors, scholars, travellers, and watermen’.6 Nor is Ireland. Moreover, in recent years, the saint has seen a resurgence Saint Brigid confined to Ireland. In Scotland she is known as Bride, of devotion in both new age and Catholic cultures, in Ireland and in Wales as Ffraid and in England both as Brigid and Bride.7 beyond.11 In 1993, the flame of Saint Brigid was rekindled at Kildare Despite the current scholarly and popular consensus that an by a community of Brigidine sisters.12 Then on Saint Brigid’s feast earlier goddess metamorphosed into saint, there are other views. Lisa M Bitel inverts the goddess-precedes-saint thesis with her 10 The etymology of the word Imbolc itself, which has not survived into argument that in fact it was the historical Brigid’s various seventh- modern Irish, is still disputed. Imbolc is often said to be a festival to ninth-century hagiographers who ‘gave us the goddess Brigit’.8 related to lambing, and lactation of ewes, although Feb 1 is very early for any lambing. Thomas Torma points out, however, that in the centuries That is, in order to boost Brigid’s — and their — status they used before a major calendar revision in 1752 cut eleven days, Imbolc was ‘local literary traditions and heroic history’ in order to cast their celebrated in what is now mid February — a time more suited to lambing. saint as ‘a mistress of the animals, territory and landscape’.9 Thomas Torma, ‘Milk Symbolism in the ‘Bethu Brigte’ The Heroic Age, For a being — either human or divine — who may never have Issue 7, Spring 2004, 3: available online at www. heroicage.org/issues/7/ existed, Brigid has lived now for centuries within Irish (and Scots) torma.html [20 Feb 2008]. Angela Bourke also notes that the milder cultural texts and practices: in walking rituals and pilgrimages, in Irish climate meant Spring pastoral and agriculture practises could start earlier than in Northern Europe. Bourke also indicates a connection place-names and women’s names, in sacred and magical symbols, with cereal rather than milk in that Brigid’s feast marks the beginning in prayers, poetry and invocations, and in dramatic, magical and of spring sowing, while Lughnasa, the festival named after the Irish god often humorous stories. Lugh (and possibly Brigid’s masculine counterpart) marks the beginning Saint Brigid’s Feast day is 1 February, the same date as the of harvest. Angela Bourke, ‘Irish Stories of Weather, Time and Gender: Saint Brigid’, 19–21. 11 Marion Bowman discusses the renewal of Brigid rituals in modern 5 The Celtic goddess Brigid has also been associated with the Roman Glastonbury, where she is celebrated as both Goddess and Saint. Marion goddess Minerva who was also commemorated with an eternal flame. Bowman, ‘Arthur and Bridget in Avalon: Celtic Myth, Vernacular Roy Willis (Ed), World Mythology, 186. Religion and Contemporary Spirituality in Glastonbury’, Fabula: 2007; 6 Catholic Forum Online www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintb)3.htm 48,1/2, 16–32. [2 July 2007]. 12 The eternal flame which the saint is said to have established at her double 7 D Attwater, The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, (Harmondsworth, 2nd monastery in Kildare, tended only by women, survived for hundreds edition 1983) 71–72. of years, at least until the twelfth century. Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis) who visited Ireland in the twelfth century attested to the 8 Lisa M Bitel, ‘Body of a saint, story of a goddess: origins of the Brigidine flame’s existence. His text has added weight to the concept of Brigid tradition’, 209–228 in Textual Practice 16(2), 2002: at p 211. Available as pagan goddess, with the idea of vestal virgins in a pre Christian online at www.tandf.co.uk/journals [1 Feb 2008]. sacred community of women. The restoration of Brigid’s flame in 9 Ibid, 225. contemporary Kildare is acknowledged as a flame for both Goddess and 2 3 Celts in Legend and Reality Papers from the Sixth Australian Conference of Celtic Studies day in 2006 President Mary McAleese visited Kildare to officially While waiting in her father’s chariot as this exchange was taking present the sacred flame ‘to the People of Ireland and beyond’. In place, Brigid gave his sword away to a passing beggar. When her her speech, the Irish president spoke of ‘the sheer power’ of the father demanded what she had done with his sword, she replied, saint’s continuing presence, and of Brigid as the point of intersection ‘Christ has taken it’. As the admiring king told Dubthach, ‘Truly, between the Irish Christian and Irish Celtic pagan worlds, in an this girl can neither be sold nor bought’.15 address which indicated the new politically correct Ireland, including The story of Brigid crosses gender boundaries as well. Many of both protestant and pagan histories into the national story.13 the texts assert that she had been consecrated as a bishop, instead The early medieval stories indicate a woman marked from birth of as a nun, by her bishop Mel, he being ‘intoxicated with the grace as both special and marginal. Brigid was a love child, born at dawn of God’.16 over a threshold, reared for some years in the household of a druid. Many aspects of her Christian legend link Brigid to fertility, Her pregnant mother, Broicsech, had been sold as a slave by her fecundity and abundance. She could churn limitless amounts of father Dubhtach, under pressure, so the stories say, from his jealous butter out of small supplies of milk. When guests came unexpectedly principal wife, but his daughter remained free. Growing up, Brigid to her monastery she went out to milk the community’s cows and worked willingly as sheep minder, pig and cow herder, cook and their milk flooded the plains and created a lake of milk in Leinster. dairy maid but her constant giving away of food, ale and goods to But the generous saint was not above a little bit of cheating. She the poor annoyed both her foster and biological kin. She eventually famously obtained her lands from the king of Leinster when he so wore out the patience of her father Dubthach that he tried to sell granted her as much land for her cows as her cloak could cover. Her her as a slave to the King of Leinster. magical cloak spread out for miles on every side until he begged her to stop.17 ‘What cause of annoyance has she given?’ said the king. Generous beyond fault, the saint was often tough on the mean ‘Not hard,’ said Dubthach. ‘She acts without asking and niggardly. She cursed the fruit trees of a woman who had given permission; whatever she sees, her hand takes’.14 apples to her community but had then protested when she heard the saint had given them away to lepers. The ninth-centuryBethu Brigte records with satisfaction that that orchard ‘remains barren Saint.