Sr. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. No. Certificates i-ii Acknowledgements iii-iv Preface v-xii CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION 1-23 Section I 1.1 Meaning of Renaissance 1 1.2 Origin of Renaissance 3 1.3 Development of Renaissance 4 1.4 Spread of Renaissance 5 1.5 Renaissance: Conceptual Anaysis 7 1.5.A Etymological Meanings 7 1.5.B Analysis of the Concepts as Models of Social Structure 8 1.6 Purpose of using Metaphor 11 1.7 History of Renaissance in India 11 1.8 Causes of Indian Renaissance 13 1.9 The European and The Indian Renaissance 14 Section II 1.10 The Nature and the Role of Religion 16 1.11 Definations of Religion 17 1.12 Features of Religion 18 1.13 Dharma and Religion 19 1.14 Background and Characteristics of Modern Indian Thoughts 20 1.15 Social Renaissance in India 21 1.16 Reform and Renaissance 23 CHAPTER: 2 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PRĀRTHANĀ SAMĀJ AND SATYAŚODHAK SAMĀJ AND ITS 24-67 PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATION 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 The Reasons Behind Reformation 24 2.3 The Brahmo Samaj 28 2.3.1 Principles of the Brahmo Samaj 28 2.3.2 Role of the Brahmo Samaj 30 2.3.3 Brahmo Samaj after Raja Ram Mohan Roy 32 2.3.4 Concluding Remarks 34 2.4 The Prarthana Samaj 35 2.5 The Arya Samaj 36 2.5.1 The Hindu Religion before Arya Samaj 37 2.5.2 The Pioneers of Arya Samaj 40 2.5.3 Principles of Arya Samaj 40 2.5.4 The Role of Arya Samaj 41 2.5.5 Religious Observances and Practises of Arya Samaj 43 2.5.6 Social ideals 43 2.5.7 Caste Sysyem 44 2.5.8 Women’s Education 45 2.5.9 Marriage and Niyoga 46 2.5.10 Concluding remarks 47 2.6 The Ramkrishna Mission 49 2.6.1 Reorganization of Hindu religion 51 2.6.2 Spiritual Reform 52 2.6.3 Objectives of Ramkrishna Mission 53 2.6.4 The Role of Ramkrishna Mission 54 2.6.4 Critique on caste System 55 2.6.5 Critique on Untouchability 56 2.6.6 Equality of Men and Women 56 2.6.7 Concluging Remarks 56 2.7 The Theosophical Movement 58 2.7.1 The Basic Beliefs of the Theosophical Society 59 2.7.2 The Role of the Theosophical Society 60 2.8 Balshastri Jambhekar 62 2.9 Gopal Hari Deshmukh 62 2.10 Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar 64 2.11 Lokmanya Tilak 65 2.12 Evaluation 66 2.13 Philosophical Implications 67 CHAPTER: 3 ROLE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF PRĀRTHANA SAMĀJ 68-118 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 The Rise of the Prarthana Samaj 70 3.3 Leaders of the Prarthana Samaj 71 3.4 Pledge of the Prarthana Samaj 72 3.5 The Prarthana Samaj on Religion 72 3.5.1 Bhagvat Dharma 74 3.5.2 Fundamental Principles about Religion of Prarthana Samaj 76 3.5.3 Sumarised Principles 92 3.6 Influence on the Prarthana Samaj 93 3.7 Revised Basic Principles 97 3.8 Aims of the Prarthana Samaj 98 3.9 Development of the Prarthana Samaj 99 3.10 The Role of the Prarthana Samaj in Reformation 100 3.10.1 Prohibition of Sati 101 3.10.2 Widow Remarriage 101 3.10.3 Infant Marriage 102 3.10.4 Subcaste Marriage 103 3.10.5 Women’s Education 104 3.11 Activities of the Prarthana Samaj 105 3.11.1 Guidance to Youth 105 3.11.2 Arya Mahila Samaj 106 3.11.3 A Foundling Home 107 3.11.4 An Orphanage at Pandharpur 108 3.11.5 Home for Homeless 108 3.11.6 Subodh Patrika 109 3.11.7 Night School 110 3.11.8 Dr. Bhandarkar Free Library and Reading Room 110 3.11.9 Brahmo Postal Mission 111 3.11.10 Ram Mohan Ashram 111 3.11.11 Young Theist Union 112 3.11.12 Ram Mohan English School 113 3.12 Ranade’s Critique on Hinduism 114 3.13 Ranade’s Critique on Christianity 114 3.14 Evaluation of the Prarthana Samaj 115 3.15 Reasons Behind Neglected Prarthana Samaj 117 CHAPTER: 4 ROLE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF SATYAŚODHAK 119-171 SAMĀJ 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Leadres of the Satyaśodhak Samāj 119 4.3 Phule’s Life and Work 120 4.4.1 Writings of Mahatma Jyotirao Phule 123 4.4.1 Tritiya Ratna 123 4.4.2 Aspṛuśyāṅcī Kaifiyat 123 4.4.3 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharajancha Povādā 123 4.4.4 Brahmanāṅche Kasab 124 4.4.5 Gulāmgirī 125 4.4.6 Śetkaryācā Āsud 126 4.4.7 Satsār Arik 1,2 127 4.4.8 Íshārā 127 4.4.9 Satyaśodhak Samājokt Mangalastakāsah Sarva Puja-Vidhi 128 4.4.10 Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak 129 4.4.11 Akhanda 131 4.5 Aims and Objectives of the Satyaśodhak Samāj 133 4.6 Principles of the Satyaśodhak Samāj 135 4.7 Development of the Satyaśodhak Samāj 137 4.8 The Satyaśodhak Samāj on Religion 138 4.8.1 Sarvanajik Satyadharma 139 4.8.2 The Concept of the Nirmik 141 4.8.2.1 The Rules of the Truth 143 4.8.3 The Universal Humanism 150 4.9 The Activities of the Satyaśodhak Samāj 153 4.9.1 The Foundling Home 154 4.9.2 An Orphanage 154 4.9.3 Enforced Widowhood 155 4.9.4 Widow Remarriage 156 4.9.5 Child Marriage 156 4.9.6 Girls and Women’s Education 157 4.9.7 Education for Sudras 158 4.9.8 Struggle for Reservation in Civil Services 159 4.9.9 Struggle for De-Adiction of Alcoholism 159 4.9.10 Eradiction of Untouchability 160 4.9.11 Work for Farmers 161 4.9.12 Opposed to Mediator 165 4.9.13 Satyasodhak Syatem of Marriage 165 4.9.14 Opposed to Idol Worship 166 4.9.15 Opposed to Religious Superstitions 166 4.10 Achievements of the Satyaśodhak Samāj 167 4.11 Evaluation 167 4.12 Phule’s Reformation: Awakening and Enlightenment 169 4.13 The Satyaśodhak Samāj and Social Conflict 170 CHAPTER: 5 CONCLUSION 171-192 BIBLIOGRAPHY 193-201 .