UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The International Relations of Sub-State Governments in Mexico: A Comparative Analysis with Ten Federal Systems A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Affairs by Jorge A. Schiavon U. Committee in charge: Professor David R. Mares, Chair Professor Wayne A. Cornelius Professor Stephan Haggard Professor Peter H. Smith Professor Carlos H. Waisman 2016 Copyright Jorge A. Schiavon U., 2016 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Jorge A. Schiavon U. is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii DEDICATION To Cris, Nat, Lu, Papo and Be. iv EPIGRAPH No es perfecta, mas se acerca, a lo que yo, simplemente soñé... Pablo Milanés v TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE………………………………………………………………….…iii DEDICATION ....................................................................................................... iv EPIGRAPH ........................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... vi LIST OF ABREVIATIONS .................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ xvii LIST OF GRAPHS ............................................................................................ xviii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... xix VITA ................................................................................................................. xxiii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ........................................................... xxxiv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS, QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS ON THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF SUB-STATE GOVERNMENTS ........... 9 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Concepts and definitions ....................................................................... 10 1.2. Research questions and hypothesis ...................................................... 25 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICALLY ANALYZING THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF SUB-STATE GOVERNMENTS ............................................... 39 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 39 vi 2.1. Theories and Methodologies of IR to explain the IRSSG ...................... 41 2.2. Federalism ............................................................................................. 44 2.2.1. The Origins of the Central-Local Division of Power......................... 46 2.2.2. Types of Central-Local Division of Power ....................................... 47 2.3. The Central-Local Division of Power: Institutional Configuration and Partisan Composition ...................................................................................... 51 2.4. Constitutional powers in international affairs and participation in foreign policy .............................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 3: THE IRSSG IN INCLUSIVE FEDERAL COUNTRIES .................. 66 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 66 3.1. Belgium ................................................................................................. 67 3.2. Germany ................................................................................................ 83 3.3. Canada .................................................................................................. 95 3.4. Australia .............................................................................................. 110 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 4: THE IRSSG IN COMPLEMENTARY FEDERAL COUNTRIES .. 125 Introduction ................................................................................................... 125 4.1. Argentina ............................................................................................. 125 4.2. Brazil ................................................................................................... 140 4.3. South Africa ......................................................................................... 151 4.4. United States of America ..................................................................... 163 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 176 vii CHAPTER 5: THE IRSSG IN EXCLUSIVE FEDERAL COUNTRIES ............... 180 Introduction ................................................................................................... 180 5.1. India..................................................................................................... 180 5.2. Russia ................................................................................................. 192 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 203 CHAPTER 6: THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF MEXICAN SUB-STATE GOVERNMENTS ............................................................................................. 214 Introduction ................................................................................................... 214 6.1. The international and domestic factors ................................................ 215 6.2. Mexican constitutional and institutional design .................................... 217 6.3. The legal framework of the international relations of Mexican SSG .... 226 6.4. Measuring and classifying the international relations of Mexican SSG .. 231 6.5. Explaining the variation in the IRSSG in Mexico ................................. 247 6.5.1. Economic variable: Income ........................................................... 248 6.5.2. Political variable: Juxtaposed governments .................................. 253 6.5.3. Geographic location: Border situation .............................................. 258 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 263 CHAPTER 7: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION THROUGH INTER- INSTITUTIONAL AGREEMENTS ..................................................................... 268 Introduction ................................................................................................... 268 7.1. Measuring internationalization through IIA ............................................. 269 7.2. Increasing IIA in time .............................................................................. 273 7.3. Partners and regions .............................................................................. 274 viii 7.4. Areas of cooperation .............................................................................. 279 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 280 CHAPTER 8: IRSSG IN MEXICO THROUGH THE EYES OF THE SSG INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES ......................................................................... 282 Introduction ................................................................................................... 282 8.1. Asking the sub-State public officials their perceptions ......................... 283 8.2. Institutional organization and capacities .............................................. 285 8.3. Personnel and capacities .................................................................... 288 8.4. Legal and institutional framework ........................................................ 292 8.5. International and coordination activities............................................... 294 8.6. Domestic and international partners .................................................... 296 8.7. Perceived challenges and strategies ................................................... 299 8.8. Professionalization, knowledge and evaluation of IRSSG ................... 302 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 309 CHAPTER 9: THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE FEDERAL DISTRICT ......................................................................................................... 313 Introduction ................................................................................................... 313 9.1. From López Obrador to Encinas ...........................................................