2012 Municipal ICT Capacity and its Impact on the Climate-Change Affected Urban Poor The Case of Mozambique A Poverty & Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) Study 2012 Municipal ICT Capacity and its Impact on the Climate-Change Affected Urban Poor The Case of Mozambique A Poverty & Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) Study Africa Urban & Water Unit (AFTUW) The World Bank Group © 2012 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents SECTION 1: URBANIZATION IN MOZAMBIQUE, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND ITS IMPACT ON THE URBAN POOR …3 1.1. THE URBANIZATION PHENOMENON ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2. UNDERSTANDING THE NEXUS OF CITIES, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THE URBAN POOR ................................................... 5 1.3. GROWTH OF THE VULNERABLE URBAN POOR .......................................................................................................... 7 1.4. FLOOD RESPONSE MECHANISM IN MOZAMBIQUE .................................................................................................... 8 SECTION 2: MUNICIPAL ICT PHENOMENA AND POLICY GOALS ..................................................................... 10 2.1. ICT IN AFRICA AND THE SITUATION IN MOZAMBIQUE ............................................................................................. 10 2.2. THE ICT PHENOMENON IN URBAN GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................... 10 2.3. THE ROLE OF ICT IN URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENCE ................................................................................................... 11 2.4. THE DIGITAL DIVIDE RISK .............................................................................................................................. ........ 13 2.5. MOZAMBQIUE’S ICT POLICY GOALS ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.6. STUDY OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................. ................ 15 SECTION 3: ICT FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE – FOUR TOOLS ............................................................................ 16 3.1 ICT IN DISASTER PREVENTION AND RECOVERY .............................................................................................. 16 3.1.1. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) .............................................................................................. 16 3.1.2. E-GOVERNANCE ...................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2. ICT IN DISASTER WARNING AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE ............................................................................. 19 3.2.1 WIRELESS: MOBILE TELEPHONY AND RADIO ............................................................................................... 19 3.2.2. EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS (EWS) .............................................................................................................. 20 SECTION 4: ASSESSMENT AND FINDINGS ..................................................................................................... 22 4.1. ICT INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................................................................................................................... 23 4.2. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) ...................................................................................................................... 25 4.3. E-GOVERNANCE TOOLS ....................................................................................................................................................... 29 4.4. WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 32 4.5. EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................. 34 4.6. RESULTS ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... ..................................................... 38 SECTION 5: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 42 5.1. THE LIMITATIONS OF SUPPLY-SIDE ICT INTERVENTIONS .................................................................................................... 42 5.2. CAPTURING THE CITIZEN”S VOICE ...................................................................................................................................... 43 5.3. LEVERAGING ICT FOR COMMUNITY-GOVERNEMNT COLLABORATION .............................................................................. 45 5.4. NEEDED MODIFICATIONS TO ICT-PARPA FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................... 47 5.5. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... ........................................................ 49 ANNEX A: MUNICIPAL GIS SCREENSHOTS .................................................................................................... 49 ANNEX B: OVERVIEW OF SIGEM (SCREENSHOTS) ......................................................................................... 58 Abbreviations ARA Administração Regional de Águas CENOI Centro Nacional Operativo de Emergência DUAT Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento da Terra DSG Demand Side Governance DNTF Directorate of Land & Forests DNA Direcção Nacional de Àguas EWS Early Warning Systems E-SISTAFE Financial Administrative and Management System FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network GCM General Circulation Models GeoSFM Geospatial Stream Flow Model GHG Global Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information System GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GovNet Government Electronic Network GoM Government of Mozambique GPS Global Positioning System ICT Information & Communication Technology ICT4DSG ICT for Demand Side Governance IT Information Technologies INAM Instituto Naciona de Meteorologia INGC Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISPs Internet service providers LIMS Computerized Land Management Information System MCA Millennium Challenge Account MDG Millennium Development Goals PARPA Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty PSIA Poverty & Social Impact Analysis SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SIGEM Sistema de Informação de Gestão Municipal SIP State Personnel Information System SMS Short Messaging System SSG Supply Side Governance TDM Telecomunicações de Moçambique UNPAN United Nations Public Administration Network Acknowledgements This study was prepared by Gaurav Relhan, ICT Specialist, World Bank. Overall editing services were provided by Marc P. DeFrancis (DeFrancis Writing & Editing). Xavier Muianga (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane) assisted in field-based data gathering activities. The team thanks the various municipalities, local government agencies, and ministries in Mozambique for their active cooperation in providing data, and extends its gratitude to the Poverty & Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) Multi-Donor Trust Fund and Cities Alliance for providing resources which made this study possible. Quality feedback on report structure and content was received from peer reviewers Paula Lytle, Judy Baker, Varalakshmi Vemuru, and Louise Croneborg. The work is a joint effort by the Africa Urban and Water Unit (AFTUW), Fragile States, Conflict & Social Department (AFTCS), and Transport, Water, ICT (TWICT) department of the World Bank. Introduction Driven by rapid rural migrant influx, Mozambique’s unprecedented urbanization is testament to the symbiotic relationship that exists between cities and the poor –which is, the urban poor invigorate cities into engines of growth through abundant rendition of their manpower and vitality, and cities in return render a refuge