Innovation in Prosthodontics: A History of Articulators, Dentures, and Occlusion Dr. Edgar N. Starcke, Dr. Robert L. Engelmeier, and Dr. Rodney Phoenix Table of Contents Forward by Dr. Thomas Taylor ...................................................................................................................................................6 Preface by Dr. Robert L. Engelmeier ........................................................................................................................................7 Part One: A History of Articulators Early Years 1. A Perspective on the Early Years, Part I. .................................................................................................................11 2. A Perspective on the Early Years, Part II. ...............................................................................................................14 Mandibular Movement 3. Early Attempts to Reproduce Mandibular Movement, Part I. .......................................................................19 4. Early Attempts to Reproduce Mandibular Movement, Part II. ......................................................................25 5. Early Attempts to Reproduce Mandibular Movement, Part III, Searching for the Solution to a Puzzle. ....................................................................................................................28 Facebows & Incisal-Pin and Guide 6. The Appearance and Early History of Facebows. ...............................................................................................35 7. The Appearance and Early Use of the Incisal-Pin and Guide, Part I. .........................................................40 8. Pursuing the Evolution of the Incisal Pin and Guide, Part II. ..........................................................................49 Unusual Concepts and Early Designs 9. Unusual Concepts or “It seemed to Be a Great Idea at the Time.” .............................................................59 10. From Facebows to the Gnathograph, a Brief History of Early Devices Developed for Recording Condylar Movement, Part I. .....................................................................................70 11. From Facebows to the Gnathograph, a Brief History of Early Devices Developed for Recording Condylar Movement, Part II. ....................................................................................78 Geometric Theories 12. A Critical History of Articulators Based on Geometric Theories of Mandibular Movement, Part I. ...............................................................................................................................89 13. A Critical History of Articulators Based on Geometric Theories of Mandibular Movement, Part II: Rupert Hall’s Conical Theory. ..............................................................102 14. A Critical History of Articulators Based on Geometric Theories of Mandibular Movement, Part III: The “Balancer” Designs. ........................................................................114 15. A Critical History of Articulators Based on Geometric Theories of Mandibular Movement, Part IV: Needles, Wadsworth, and a Look at Some Who Followed ..................................130 Table of Contents 3 Scribing Articulators 16. “Scribing” Articulators: Those with Functionally Generated Custom Guide Controls, Part I. ..............................................................................................................................143 17. “Scribing” Articulators: Those with Functionally Generated Custom Guide Controls, Part II. .............................................................................................................................154 18. “Scribing” Articulators: Those with Functionally Generated Custom Guide Controls, Part III. ............................................................................................................................168 Denture Occlusal Grinders 19. The Wonderful World of “Grinders,” Part I. .......................................................................................................179 20. The Wonderful World of “Grinders,” Part II. ....................................................................................................191 21. The Wonderful World of “Grinders,” Part III. ....................................................................................................212 Conflicting Theories 22. Henry L “Harry” Page and the Transograph. ...................................................................................................227 23. “The Articulator Wars” Phenomenon with Some Circumstances Leading Up to It. ........................234 24. The Contributions of Rudolph L. Hanau and His Company, Part I. .........................................................247 25. The Contributions of Rudolph L. Hanau and His Company, Part II. .......................................................257 Part Two: A History of Dentures Dental Surveyors 26. The History and Development of the Dental Surveyor: Part I. ..................................................................267 27. The History and Development of the Dental Surveyor: Part II. ..................................................................275 28. The History and Development of the Dental Surveyor: Part III. ................................................................284 Posterior Denture Teeth 29. The History and Development of Posterior Denture Teeth- Introduction. Part I. ...............................293 30 The History and Development of Posterior Denture Teeth- Introduction, Part II Artificial Tooth Development in America Through the Nineteenth Century........................................301 31. The History and Development of Posterior Denture Teeth- Introduction, Part III Early Designs for Occlusal Anatomy of Posterior Denture Teeth. ..........................................................315 4 Table of Contents Part Three: A History of Occlusion Pioneers of Anatomic Denture Occlusion 32. The Contributions of Alfred Gysi ...........................................................................................................................323 33. The Anatomic School of Complete Denture Occlusion. ................................................................................331 Non-anatomic Denture Occlusion 34. The Development of Non-anatomic Denture Occlusion, Part I. .................................................................337 35. The Development of Non-anatomic Denture Occlusion, Part II. ................................................................343 36. The Development of Non-anatomic Denture Occlusion, Part III. ..............................................................354 37. The Development of Non-anatomic Denture Occlusion, Part IV. ..............................................................364 Occlusal Concepts and Materials to Control Forces 38. The Development of Lingualized Occlusion. .....................................................................................................378 39. Denture Teeth with Metal Occlusals, Part I.........................................................................................................392 40. Denture Teeth with Metal Occlusals, Part II. ......................................................................................................400 41. The Functionally Generated Path Concept. ......................................................................................................407 Part Four: Appendix & Epilogue 42. Appendix: Twentieth Century Timeline of the Major Artificial Tooth Manufacturers. ......................415 43. Epilogue ............................................................................................................................................................................423 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................................................427 Table of Contents 5 171 Figure 3. The E.J. Ladmore Articulator, 1830s. This early device was later patented in England and was produced Figure 1. The Howarth Articulator, 1830s. This is one of by Claudius Ash, Sons and Co, Limited. The hinge mech- the earliest known mechanical articulators. It was pro- anism was quite rigid, and an adjustable screw was used duced by the Dental Manufacturing Company of London, for a “vertical stop.” (Reprinted with permission, p 91.4) and may have been patented in Europe. (Reprinted with permission, p 97.4) after examining some of the complex and occasion- ally elaborate designs for what were essentially simple hinge articulators, it becomes obvious that there were other reasons for these changes. At this point, it is well worth mentioning an interesting phenomenon that affected the design of mechanical articulators almost from the beginning. The planeline articulator (Fig 5) and the Moffitt (Fig 8) represent devices with lower members de- signed to imitate the condyle, coronoid process, and ramus of the mandible. James House noted thatPart One: some inventors must have believed that simulating the features of the mandible “was supposed to haveA History of Articulators some ‘magical’ influence to articulator function.”6 Through the years, this approach has been com- mon, but the most bizarre example has to be the contrivance by an unknown inventor shown in Fig 10. Although its exact function is unclear,