ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To all the great comic writers and filmmakers who have made me laugh so much over the years, from Keaton and Chaplin to Sturges and Lubitsch; Renoir, Buñuel and Wilder; Ernie Kovacs, Lucille Ball, Steve Allen and Sid Caesar; on down to the present. Yes, including but by no means only: Abbott and Costello, Adella Adella the Story Teller of New Orleans, Woody Allen, Pedro Almodovar, Fatty Arbuckle, Aristophanes, Jean Arthur, Rowan Atkinson, Dan Aykroyd, Beavis and Butthead, Samuel Beckett, John Belushi, Robert Benchley, Jack Benny, Milton Berle, Shelley Berman, Boccaccio, Humphrey Bogart, Jorge Luis Borges, James L. Brooks, Mel Brooks, Lenny Bruce, Art Buchwald, Godfrey Cambridge, John Candy, Frank Capra, George Carlin, Bill Cosby, Billy Crystal, Rodney Dangerfield, Geena Davis, Gerard Depardieu, Johnny Depp, Charles Dickens, Phyllis Diller, Doonesbury, Jimmy Durante, Gerald Durrell, Blake Edwards, Chris Farley, William Faulkner (really!), Federico Fellini, Henry Fielding, W. C. Fields, Gabriel García Márquez, Giancarlo Giannini, Mel Gibson, Jackie Gleason, Cary Grant, Hugh Grant, Merv Griffin, Gogol, Alec Guinness, Arsenio Hall, Tom Hanks, Goldie Hawn, Ben Hecht, Jim Henson and his joyful Muppets, Katharine Hep- burn, Pee-Wee Herman, Bob Hope, Helen Hunt, Ben Jonson, Franz Kafka, George S. Kaufman, Danny Kaye, Diane Keaton, Michael Keaton, Milan Kundera, Burt Lancaster, Ring Lardner, Gary Larson, Laurel and Hardy, Hannibal the Can- nibal Lecter ("I'm having a friend for lunch"), Jerry Lewis, Max Linder, Harold Lloyd, Dusan Makavejev, Juri Mamin, Steve Martin, the Marx Brothers, Bette Midler, Molière, Eddie Murphy, Bill Murray, Mike Nichols and Elaine May, Jack Paar, Michael Palin, S. J. Perelman, Pio, Richard Pryor, Don Rickles, Joan Rivers, Julia Roberts, Will Rogers, Dan Rowan and Dick Martin, Rosalind Russell, Mort Sahl, Gabriele Salvatore, Susan Sarandon, Charles Schultz, Jerry Seinfeld, Mack Sennett, William Shakespeare, Phil Silvers, Red Skelton, Barbara Stanwyck, Laurence Sterne, Jonathan Swift, Alain Tanner, Jacques Tati, the Three Stooges, James Thurber, Lily Tomlin, John Kennedy Toole, François Truffaut, Mark Twain, Thanassios Vengos, Wallace and Gromit, John Wayne, Mae West, E. B. White, Robin Williams, Flip Wilson, Jonathan Winters, and P. G. Wodehouse. To my stu- dents in comedy seminars and classes I've taught over the years, especially to those teachers in my 1992 summer seminar for high school teachers sponsored by the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities on Comedy and Culture, and the sum- mer 1997 comedy-writing seminar on the Greek Islands. And to the many readers of Writing the Character-Centered Screenplay who have written, faxed, e-mailed, and called: you really have created a worldwide carnival of screenwriters. To Ed Dimendbergi Laura Pasquale, and Rachel Berchten at University of California Press, who have, with good humor, supported, defended and nurtured my projects with the Press. xi Xll ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my wife, Odette, and children Sam and Caroline, who have developed a real sense of humor over the years, as well as my older son, Philip, who as an actor is learning to make 'em laugh ... and cry. To all comic writers who have helped me in ways they may not realize, in- cluding Herschel Weingrod. And especially to Aristophanes and Lakis Lazopoulos. I cannot forget the people of the island of Kea, Greece, where the first half of the book was written during a sabbatical from Loyola University of New Orleans. I would particularly like to remember an elderly garbage collector on the island who sings as he loads trash onto the garbage donkeys (most of the streets are too narrow to allow cars, let alone a garbage truck, through). When I asked him why he sings as he works, he simply smiled and said, "It's in my nature," and went back to singing and slinging. The second half of the book was written in Wellington, New Zealand, while I was on an exchange semester of teaching film and screen- writing at Victoria University, January through June of 1998.1 am most grateful for the generosity and supportive friendship of colleagues at Vic, including Russell Campbell, Phillip Mann, John Downey, and Bill Manhire, as well as the laughter and insights that arose from my talented group in Screenwriting 322. Finally, to St. Philip Neri (1515-1595), the patron saint of joy, whose most re- membered command was "Rejoice!" .