Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy June 2019 Vol. 1 Issue No. 1 Print ISSN 2676-1351 A peer reviewed journal Published by Nepal Mountain Academy (College of Mountaineering) Government of Nepal Ministry of Cultural, Tourism & Civil Aviation Thapa Gaun, Bijulibazar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 977-1-5244312, 5244888 | Fax: 977-1-5244312 Email: [email protected] | URL: www.man.gov.np Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy June 2019 Vol. 1 Issue No. 1 Print ISSN 2676-1351 Journal publication management committee Advisory Board Ms. Lakhpa Phuti Sherpa – President Mr. Romnath Gyawali – Executive Director & Campus Chief Prof. Ajaya Bhakta Sthapit, PhD Prof. Rajan Bahadur Paudel, PhD Prof. Sunil Adhikari, PhD Editor's Team Prof. Ramesh Bajracharya, PhD – Chief Editor Dr. Khadga Narayan Shrestha – Editor Mr. Vinaya Shakya – Editor Mr. Tanka Prasad Paudel – Executive Editor Administration Mr. Uttam Babu Bhattarai – Administrative Offi cer Ms. Aaditi Khanal – Asst. Academic Coordinator Mr. Alok Khatiwada – Accountant Designed and Layout Mr. Pushkar Rana Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy June 2019 Vol. 1 Issue No. 1 Print ISSN 2676-1351 Editorial Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy (NMA) is purely an official publication. NMA has planned to publish an academic journal annually focusing on the adventure and mountaineering sectors. It aims at promoting research and tourism activities among the college faculties, researchers, university professors and graduate and undergraduate students, and personnel in administrative positions involved in research ventures; academic or professional, researchers are prioritized. As the title suggests qualitative and quantitative research works on adventure and mountaineering are accepted for publication. The articles published in this journal in all its issues are from mountaineering, adventure, trekking and general tourism area. The articles were assigned for peer review to the professors and practitioners in their respective fields, amendments were recommended followed by editing and corrections ensured before they were processed for publication. However, the editorial team does not bear any responsibility for any incongruity in contents and patterns presented in the articles as they are purely the products of their authors, and hence, the authors are subject to ethical interrogations in the circumstances that are marked to violate ethical parameters applicable in the field of academics and research. The articles have been arranged in alphabetical order of the authors' name. Researchers and readers are welcome for their any kind of scholarly inquiries and suggestions. Thank You Prof. Ramesh Bajracharya, PhD Chief Editor Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy June 2019 Vol. 1 Issue No. 1 Print ISSN 2676-1351 Notes Articles are subject to editorial review by referees from the community of adventure and mountaineering. Comments and queries on articles are welcome and will be considered for publication to the extent possible. The opinion and the interpretations expressed in the articles are the personal opinion of the authors and reviewers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publishers and editors, or of the editorial board does not guarantee the accuracy of the data and the information included in the article and accepts no responsibility, whatsoever, for any consequences of their usage. Subscription information Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy is a journal published annually by Nepal Mountain Academy. The publication is for the benefit of the tourism experts, mountaineers, tourism planners, professionals as well as those interested in the field of tourism and mountaineering. The subscription rates are as follows: Individuals per copy Library & institution per copy Nepal Rs. 500 Rs. 1000 SAARC Countries US$ 10 US$ 15 Other Countries US$ 15 US$ 25 Mailing charge to be paid extra Claims for the missing numbers as not received to the subscriber should be made within the month following the regular month publication. The publisher will supply the missing number free of cost only when it is conformed and when the reserve stock permits. If you change your address, please notify us immediately, giving both your old & new address. Allow five weeks for the college. Back issues prior to last years' volume, if available, can be obtained from the college. Request for the subscriptions should be addressed to: Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy Nepal Mountain Academy (College of Mountaineering) Thapa Gaun, Bijulibazar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 977-1-5244312, 5244888 Email: [email protected] Website: man.gov.np Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy June 2019 Vol. 1 Issue No. 1 Print ISSN 2676-1351 Format for subscription request …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. I would like to subscribe to Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy, an annual publication. Subscription type: Personal Institution Vol…….. Issue….. For: 1 Year 2 Years ……………..Years Mode of payment: Cash/Cheque/Draft Total amount NRs/USD: …………………………………………………………………………….... Name and Designation …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Institution: …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Mailing Address: …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… Telephone No.: ………………….. E-mail:…………………………. Fax:………………….. Please transfer the amount to Nepal Mountain Academy, Bijulibazzar, Kathmandu Rastraya Banijya Bank Ltd., Thapathali, Kathmandu Account No.: 143000123101 Only cheques drawable in Kathmandu will be accepted. Journal of Nepal Mountain Academy June 2019 Vol. 1 Issue No. 1 Print ISSN 2676-1351 Contents 1. Aaditi Khanal Adventure Tourism Study: Implications for Nepal 1 2. Behrouz Moghaddasi, MD High Altitude Illness in Annapurna Circuit Trek 14 3. Prof. Carl Cater, PhD and Maggie C. Miller, PhD Mountaineering and Trekking Tourism Management: A Global Perspective 28 4. Ian Wall Adventure Tourism in Nepal 46 5. Khadga Narayan Shrestha, PhD Trekking in Nepal: Cross-cultural Behaviorof the Hosts and Guests 68 6. Pashupati Nyaupane Cultural Heritage Tourism Activities in Pashupatinath Area 86 7. Rajendra Man Shrestha and Ebha Shrestha Study of the Bagmati River in Nepal as Religious Tourist Attraction: Quantile Regression approach for Assessment of Rainfall pattern over it 103 8. Romnath Gyawali, Anish Dahal and Himal Pandit Economic Impacts of Small Tourism Enterprises: A Case Study of Kaulepani Community Homestay 116 9. Prof. Ruhet GENÇ, PhD Business Model Innovation in the Context of Sustainable Tourism 128 10. Sudeep Thakuri, PhD and Sujata Koirala Climate Change and Mountaineering in Nepal: Issues and Challenges 137 Nepal Mountain Academy, June 2019 Vol. 1 Issue No. 1 Print ISSN 2676-1351 Adventure… | 1 Adventure Tourism Study: Implications for Nepal Aaditi Khanal1 Abstract This study has assessed the definitions, historical development and scope of adventure tourism globally and its implications for Nepal. It is based on the secondary literature review and analysis that refers to some of the imminent text books and reports. Further, it has focused on the economic prospects associated with the adventure tourism activities and its benefits to the destination and nation. The study has suggested some of the essential pre- requisites that are needed to be maintained for the establishment of Nepal as a destination of adventure tourism at a high ranking spot in the developing world. Keywords: Adventure, tourism, economy, tourists, travel Introduction In the growing arena of niche tourism, when people want to experience new and different things which are thrilling and yet exhilarating, adventure tourism is an exponentially growing sector worldwide (WTO, 2014) and it is a segment that is highly valued in the international tourism economy sector (McKay, 2014). Also titled as the "new tourism cash-cow", adventure tourism has evolved to be one of the fastest growing sectors across the globe, attracting high valued customers, supporting local economies and promoting the environment (Global Data, 2018). Hence, the scope and opportunities of adventure tourism as a potential business and tourism promoting activities are wide ranging in the context of Nepal. The history of starting adventure tourism activities is no older than six decades. Now, it is imperative and worthwhile to also note about the scope and opportunities of adventure tourism from an economic point of view with a futuristic lens. Defi ning adventure tourism Adventure tourism is defined as travel outside a person's normal environment for more than 24 hours and not more than one consecutive year (Adventure Travel Development Index Report, 2010). The Adventure Travel Trade Association 1 Asst. Academic Coordinator, Nepal Mountain Academy Khanal | 2 (ATTA) defines adventure tourism as a trip that includes at least two of the following three elements: physical activity, natural environment, and cultural immersion (WTO, 2014). According to Millington, Locke and Locke (2001), adventure travel is a leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination. It tends to be associated with high levels of activity by the participant, most of it outdoors. Previously, Sung Morisson and Leary (1997) have defined adventure tourism as the sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the interactions of adventure touristic activities with the natural environment away from the participant's usual place of residence area and containing elements of risk, the outcome is influenced by the participation, setting and the organizer of the