"4 41 Integrated Pest Management in the Tropics This publication was produced as part of a joint collaborative project between the following: THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY (ICIPE) P0 Box 30772 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: 254 2 802501/3/9 Fax: 254 2 803360 E-mail: icipecgner.com THE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP) PU Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: 254 2 621234 Fax: 254 2 226890 The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations or ICJPE. Integrated Pest Management in the Tropics Current Status and Future Prospects Edited by ANNALEE N. MENGECH KAILASH N. SAXENA The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) tHREMAGALUR N.B. GOPALAN The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \ c' AM ,4-. Published on behalf of The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester - New York Brisbane Toronto Singapore Copyright © 1995 by IJNEP Published in 1995 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Baf6ns Lane, Chichester, West Sussex P019 IUD, England Telephone National 01243 779777 International (+ 44) 1243 779777 All rights reserved. No part of this hook may he reproduced by any means, or transmitted, or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the puhisher. Other Wiley iiditorial Offices - John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA Jacaranda Wiley Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario M9W ILl, Canada John Wiley & Sons (SEA) Pte Ltd, 37 Jalan Pernimpin 05-04, Block B, Union Industrial Building, Singapore 2057 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Integrated pest management in the tropics 7 current status and future prospects / edited by Annalec N. Mengech, Kailash N. Saxen, and Hireeniagular Gopalan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-96076-4 I. Insects pests—Inregrated contrnl—Tropics. 2. Crops—Diseases and pests—Integrated control—Tropics. 3. Tropical crops—diseases and pests—Integrated control. I. Mengech, Annalee N. II. Kailash, K. N. ITT. Gopalan, Hiremagalur. IV. United Nations Environment Programme. SB950 .3 .T76155 1995 632.70913—dc2O 95-20219 C!P British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is avai'able from the British Library ISBN 0-471-960764 Typeset in 11/13 pt Sahon by Acorn Bookwork, Salisbury, Wilts Printed and bound in Great Britain by BiddIes Ltd, Guildford and King's Lynn This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestation, for which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents List of Contributors vii Introduction ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Practice of Integrated Pest Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Africa: An Overview of Two Decades (1970-1990) 1 0. Zethner Profile of African farming 1 Development of 1PM in Africa 6 Technical and biological components of 1PM 13 1PM for multiple cropping systems 20 1PM for pearl millet in the Sahel 25 Sorghum 1PM 29 Cassava-based 1PM 30 Rice 1PM, with special reference to Burkina Faso and Madagascar 36 Cotton-based 1PM with special reference to the Sudan 39 Coffee 1PM with special reference to Kenya 45 1PM in cocoa with special reference to Ghana 47 Other crops using 1PM components 49 Livestock IVM and tsetse fly control programmes 50 Future roles for 1PM 53 1PM for stored products 56 Prospects for 1PM in Africa 56 References 62 Appendix: 1PM and IPM-related projects in Africa 66 2 Practice of 1PM in South and Southeast Asia 69 A. K. Kaheja Current trends, policies and strategies 70 Pesticide usage in Asia 73 Status of 1PM for rice 82 vi CONTENTS 1PM in vegetables 90 1PM in cotton 94 Biological control of sugarcane pests 98 1PM in horticultural (fruit) and plantation crops 100 Status of 1PM in India 101 Status of 1PM in China 103 Neem in pest control 104 Management of insecticide resistance 105 1PM and the Green Revolution 107 Epilogue 109 References 111 3 Review of 1PM in South America 121 C. Cam panhola, G. Jose de Moraes and L. A. N. de Sd Agricultural overview of South America 122 Trends in pesticide use 125 Institutional aspects of [PM development and implementation 129 Impact of regional 1PM programmes 131 New ongoing 1PM projects 145 Constraints to 1PM use in South America 146 A look to the future 147 References 149 Executive Summary and Recommendations 153 General observations on the status of 1PM in the tropics 154 Observations on the status of 1PM in Africa 155 Observations on the status of 1PM in Asia 157 Observations on the status of 1PM in South America 159 Recommendations 160 Index 163 List of Contributors C. Campanhola Director, National Research Center for Monitoring and Environmental Impact Assessment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia SI' 340, km 127, 5 Bairro Tan quinho Veiho, Caixa Postal 69, CEP 13820-000, Jaquariuna/Sdo Paulo/SI' Brazil C. José Dc Moraes National Research Center for Monitoring and Environmental Inipact Assessment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodoviq SI' 340, km 127, 5 Bairro Tanquinho Veiho, Caixa Postal 69, CEP 13820- 000, Jaquariuna/São Paulo/SI' Brazil L.A. N. de Sâ National Research Center for Monitoring and Environmental Impact Assessment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovi2 SI' 340, km 127, 5 Bairro Tan quinho Veiho, Caixa Postal 69, CEP 13820- 000, Jaquariuna/Sâo Paulo/SP Brazil A. K. Raheja Assistant Director General, indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road, New Delhi 110 001, India Ole Zcthner Plant Protection Specialist, Danagro Adviser a/s. Granskoven 8, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark Introduction The explicit and vivid portrayal of the horrors of the overuse and misuse of pesticides in Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring, served to spark public awareness that the Green Revolution was not to be fought without casualties. The high-input, chemical-intensive strategies of pest control in use in the North since the 1940s—the birth of the synthetic pesticide era—quickly spread to the countries of the South in the 1960s and 1970s, until, today, the developing world purchases about 31% of global pesticide exports. There is a clear indication that pesticide use in tropical countries, particularly in Africa, is increasing rapidly, and some evidence to suggest that a good share of this is the result of an increase in pesticide dumping (WRI, 1994). In answer to the widespread scientific and public concern ignited in part by Carson's book, an alternative approach to pesticide use known as integrated pest management (1PM) was developed in the 1940s- 1960s. 1PM tackles the entire agro-ecosystem in which both the crop or livestock host) and pest are but two components. Different tactics are used in developing site-specific management systems that capitalise on natural biological factors that serve to maintain the pests at levels below those causing economic loss ('injury'). Chemicals are used only as a last resort, but their dosages and application are carefully adjusted so as to minimise deleterious effects on health and the environment. 1PM makes use of all suitable tactics and techniques to keep :he pests below their economic injury levels (EIL), so long as they are com- patible. In this respect, monitoring of pest populations, assessing the damage and losses caused by the pests, and then setting the EILs become important supportive tactics in an 1PM programme. The direct tactics (components) used may be 'preventive', serving to prevent the build-up of pest populations, or 'curative', serving to reduce pest num- bers after or near the time when they have reached their economic injury levels. Examples of direct preventive tactics include development of insect- resistant crops, cultural practices such as manipulation of crop plantEng patterns and combinations, and maintenance of the pests' natural erie- mies in farmers' fields. A curative tactic might be the mass-release of large numbers of these enemies, or spraying with a pest-specific hacter- x INTRODUCTION Ial or fungal pathogen. A last-resort curative tactic would he the minimal application of a chemical pesticide, preferably one of the new generation of selective pesticides that is toxic to only a very narrow range of pest species. 1PM has scored some notable successes for pest control in North America, but its role in tropical agriculture is less well known. For this reason, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)—being concerned with conservation of the environment—and the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)—being mandated to develop environmentally safe pest management strategies—have jointly commissioned a 'global' review of 1PM. Special emphasis has been put on assessing the impact of IPM-relatcd activities over the past two decades in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America, Pro- minent agriculruralists/IPM practitioners were commissioned to take stock of the current status and prospects for 1PM in their respective regions and to speii out new paradigms and directions that 1PM must take if it is to be adapted on a scope and scale necessary to make a sea change in farmers' and governments' current reliance on chemical pesti- cides as the accepted agricultural mode. Woven within the matrix of the three review papers arc many pertinent observations and recommendations about the adaption and implementation of 1PM region by region. The editors thought it worth- while to extract these as part of their Executive Summary, in orcer to make this report more useful for agriculturalists, environmentalists, policy-makers and 1PM practitioners. We believe the coverage provided by the authors of this important subject is understandable by a wide cross-section of the public, however, and will be of interest to all of us who share Carson's concern that 'to have risked so much in our efforts to mould nature to our satisfaction and yet to have failed in achieving our goal would indeed he the final irony' (Silent Spring, 1962).