Orange Aboriginal Heritage Report "This Aboriginal Heritage Report may contain photographs, words, descriptions and images which may sadden and distress some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This Report may contain the names, images and descriptions of people who have passed away and which may sadden and distress some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This Report may contain language and terms used by an author that reflect an inappropriate attitude due to the historical context in which the records were created." Prepared for Orange City Council by February 2012 Orange Aboriginal Heritage Report Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 Project Team .......................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 4 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 5 Archaeology ....................................................................................................................... 5 History................................................................................................................................ 6 Genealogy .......................................................................................................................... 7 Anthropological Interviews and Analysis .......................................................................... 7 Thematic History ................................................................................................................... 8 Previous Studies ..................................................................................................................... 9 Traditional Life ........................................................................................................................ 10 Pre-Contact Sites .................................................................................................................. 11 Carved Trees ........................................................................................................................ 14 Thematic History - Introduction .............................................................................................. 20 Thunna Thunna .................................................................................................................... 23 Blanket Returns .................................................................................................................... 24 Interior Exploration .............................................................................................................. 33 Gold Rush ............................................................................................................................ 35 Pastoral Workers .................................................................................................................. 38 Continuation of Traditional Practices .................................................................................. 41 Kinship Ties ......................................................................................................................... 45 Trackers................................................................................................................................ 46 Aboriginal People and the Law............................................................................................ 49 Continuity and Change: 1830-1880 ..................................................................................... 53 The Aborigines Protection Board ........................................................................................ 54 The Governor Brothers ........................................................................................................ 57 Jack Marsh ........................................................................................................................... 59 Traditional Life in the 20th Century ..................................................................................... 60 Erambie ................................................................................................................................ 61 The Springs .......................................................................................................................... 62 Life in Town ........................................................................................................................ 66 Freedom Ride ....................................................................................................................... 67 Aboriginal Family Resettlement Scheme ............................................................................ 68 1 Orange Aboriginal Heritage Report Orange Local Aboriginal Land Council .............................................................................. 71 Contemporary Developments .............................................................................................. 72 Conclusions – Thematic History .......................................................................................... 76 Sites of Significance ................................................................................................................ 79 The Springs .......................................................................................................................... 79 Mount Canobolas ................................................................................................................. 79 Emu Swamp ......................................................................................................................... 80 Robertson Park ..................................................................................................................... 80 Orange General Cemetery.................................................................................................... 81 Management Recommendations .............................................................................................. 82 Sites and Consultation.......................................................................................................... 82 Listing .................................................................................................................................. 82 Interpretation and Acknowledgement .................................................................................. 83 Repatriation .......................................................................................................................... 83 Confidential Information ..................................................................................................... 84 Ongoing Research ................................................................................................................ 84 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 85 Manuscript Sources .............................................................................................................. 85 Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.............................. 85 State Library of NSW ...................................................................................................... 85 National Library of Australia ........................................................................................... 85 State Records Authority of New South Wales ................................................................. 85 Published Material ............................................................................................................... 86 Unpublished reports and theses ........................................................................................... 91 Newspapers and Periodicals ................................................................................................ 93 Websites ............................................................................................................................... 93 Photographs and Images ...................................................................................................... 94 Baptism, Birth, Death and Marriage Certificates ................................................................ 95 Baptism Certificates ......................................................................................................... 95 Birth Certificates .............................................................................................................. 95 Death Certificates ............................................................................................................ 95 Marriage Certificates ....................................................................................................... 96 Appendix 1 – Results of AHIMS search, July 2011 ...............................................................