SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IDEAS OF GOP AL KRISHNA GOKHALE -A STUDY Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Arts) in the University of North Bengal 2"~~1 Tarapada Roy M.A., B. Ed. Under the Supervision of Professor Pradip Kumar Sengupta, Ph.D. /.·.,~'.·'-~-'i3 ~. /;;:./ -,··~·' :v f /!! / ' ~"\ ,~cq 1'-i\ ~\., ' \'2,\'~~~i~·y_, \._V .'·/ , ,· ~.:, .. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL Raja Rammohunpur Dist. Darjeeling, PIN- 734 430 j j j j {> j 923. 6"5LI071 6 j R8'g~:-::. j j j j ZZ MAR 20Gb j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j PREFACE The present study seekS to discover in depth the nature of political leadership of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who was being a moderate, played a role sometimes as like as extremist. Thus, when I started working on the social and political thought of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, I had no idea of the time and labour it would involve. It was really very difficult to understand what the role Gokhale as moderate played in the freedom movement, prior to the rise of Gandhi. Gandhi himself was not responsible for it. He never ignored the role of the moderates whose struggle for freedom movement was remarkable. He himself paid a great tribute to Gvkhale and admitted and regarded Gokhale as his 'political guru'. However, it would be considered by saying it 'generation gap' which helped to misunderstand the social and political environment in which the early leaders of Congress had to do something for the liberation of our motherland. It was really a great mistake of 'History' to represent them, whose role was really forgotten by us. Now, with the changing of times and availability of fresh sources, it is now possible for us to cope with difficult problems and was easy to explore the leadership of Gopal Krishna Gokhale. We have a huge man of materials, diaries. unpublished official records and private papers for a study in depth. Gokhale' s political career was practically coincided with the work of first thirty years of early Congress. But the most interesting fact was this; he was the youngest among all of them. He was a lucky enough that he had good relation with early Congress leaders. His personality, ability to speak about the problems of India in front of the British in India and abroad pushed him to conquer the love and confidence of the senior leaders of Congress, as a member of the Imperial Legislative Council, as the confident of the British Committee of the Congress in London, as India's unofficial envoy to England, his role was remarkable and all of these qualities helped him to reach forefront in Indian politics. Not only that he was a vocal observer and clever. His intellectual idea i.e. educational problem, social upliftment, caste questions, his role was remarkable. Thus, the study of his life gives us valuable insights into the history of Indian nationalism and the relation between Inqia and British. The present study while making this analysis of leadership - dynamics, has taken into account all these factors. In substantiating the viewpoints, extensive references have been made to primary resources - speeches, writings and other related documents. Comparism and cross-references have been made as far as possible to make this complete and meaningful. One of the difficulties facpd in the completion of this research work is the scarcity of primary source materials on Gokhale's social and political ideas. So to come in the conclusion, I have to depend on various correspondences, which are available from time to time. While my mind had been haunting by an aspiring idea to do some work, Professor Pradip Kumar Sengupta of the Department of Political Science, University of North Bengal and Dean, Faculty of Arts, Com;nerce & Law inspired me to undertake a study of the social and political thought of Gokhale. He also kindly consented to guide my rt..;earch work. He not only initiated me into this work but also encouraged me all along and extended all kinds of assistances. I am very grateful to him for his valuable time he gave for me. Whenever I required I had an easy access to his residence. He never felt or expressed his disgust.- I am particularly grateful to Dr. S.K. Patra, Ex-Vice Principal, Bani Mandir Railway Higher Secondary School, Siliguri Junction and my father, who inspite of their important works and responsibilities, had given encouragement through my work and advised me on various points. My gratefulness is also due to the Librarian and the employees of the National Library, Calcutta, and the Central Library, University of North Bengal, for their courteous disposition and for affording necessary facilities in their respective libraries. I wish to express my depth of gratitude to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me in accomplishing the various task connected with the preparation of this work. ~~~~· 'tJ 21 o 9 1 04- Dated: .........................1 . (Tarapada Roy) Nabagram, Siliguri. CONTENTS Page No. I. Introduction 1 - 7 II. Political Condition of India and Role of Gokhale 8- 64 III. Formative Period of Gokhale 65- 122 IV. Social Thought of Gopal Krishna Gokhale 123- 159 V. Political Thought of Gopal Krishna Gokhale 160- 210 VI. Conclusion 211 - 222 CHAPTER-I Introduction 1. Social and Political Idea of Gopal Krishna Gokhale The Conceptional Framework: "It was a case oflove at first sight, and it stood the severest strain in 1913. He seemed to me all I wanted as a political worker - pure as a crystal, gentle to me that he may not have been any of those things. It was enough for me that I could discover no fault in him to cavil at. He was and remains for me the most perfect man on the political field." 1 Thus, the name of Gopal Krishna Gokhale is best remembered as one of the moderate thinkers and moderate leader. He, like other moderate leaders inherited the legacy of the socio-religious reformers, which played a predominant role in the Congress during its formative period. It was agreed that for social and religious reformation as well as for the improvement of economic conditions of the people, no agitation was necessary. Thus, the early Congress which was highly elitist in character and consisted of a small educated minority greatly influenced by western education and culture, loyal to the Rule with its zeal for social uplift, was never taken to be a dangerous organization."2 (H.H. Das and P.S.N. Patra, Indian Political Tradition). Gopal Krishna Gokhate was a noble man. His dedication for public life and for freedom movement was incomparable and this was the region regarding the constitution of Servants oflndian Society, he said : "Public life must be spiritualised. Love of country must so fill the heart that all else shall appear as of little moment by its side. A fervent patriotism which rejoices at every opportunity of sacrifice for the motherland, a dauntless heart 2 which refuses to be turned back from its objert- by difficulty or danger, a deep faith in the purpose of providence which nothing can shake - equipped with these, the workers must start on his mission and reverently seek the joy which comes of spending oneself in the service of one's country. "3 During this time, there were two clear trend should be found. Though the roots on genesis of moderate philosophy can be traced into changes that were brought by western liberal education in India, one group tried to emancipate India from the darkest period of history, the other· tried to assimilate the good aspect of other religious and culture and last group wanted to revive the great Indian Culture and was essentially Conservative in approach. Gokhale inherited the traditions of the early Congress, which struggled mainly for the recognition by the government and followed the principies of moderation and loyalty in its dealings with the foreign rules. But he had specific attitude towards the British rule. He sometimes supported the government as because; he wanted to know to learn the administrative procedure of the British government. Bllt he was not the blind supporter of the government. When he found any irregularities of the government, which was against to the Indian interest, he protested against it. He strongly opposed the salt tax, excise duties on cotton goods and many other illegal acts of the government. He presented the case for alleviation of the poverty before the Welby Commission and for that purpose he went to London. He spoke in clear terms against social and economic evils like poverty and famine, drink and prostitution. upliftment of socially backward class, women education and also mass education and similar other issues confronting the nation. Gokhale's career as a political leader can be understood against a number of aspects namely, his role in the nation building activities, his concept of political progress and self government, his humanism and lastly, his economic ideas. particularly his idea about the constructive intervention of the state for the welfare and growth of the Indian economy. 3 This brings us to a number of ·questions regarding the social and political condition of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, for understanding his nature and extent of the impact of his leadership during those fateful days of India's struggle for independence. Although basically a moderate thinker, Gokhale had his own ideas and views on some pressing socio-economic problems of his time and here he differed fundamentally from other moderate thinkers. Not only that his lofty ideal of spiritualization of politics, demands greater security because it had it's profound impact in the information of later political thinking, particularly the thinking of Mahatma Gandhi who thought in terms of "spiritualising" politics for the greater causes.