i la science et la culture la et science la pour l’éducation, pour des Nations Unies Nations des Organisation RAPPORT DE L’UNESCO SUR LA SCIENCE 2010 SCIENCE LA SUR L’UNESCO DE RAPPORT UNESCO Éditions UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 The Current Status of Science around the World Executive Summary Résumé exécutif Résumé dans le monde dans État des lieux de la science science la de lieux des État 2010 SCIENCE LA SUR DE L’UNESCO L’UNESCO DE RAPPORT UNESCO Publishing UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 REPORT SCIENCE UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 33 SC-2012/WS Éditions UNESCO Organisation des Nations Unies Ce livret a été imprimé au Kenya pour l’éducation, en 2012 par le Reseau d’etudes des la science et la culture politiques africaines de technologie (ATPS) All rights reserved rights All © UNESCO 2012 UNESCO © Tous les cinq ans, le Rapport de l’UNESCO sur la science présente un état des lieux de la [email protected] science dans le monde. Cette dernière édition donne une vision d’ensemble des principales www.unesco.org/publishing : from ordered be may report full The évolutions et tendances de la recherche scientifique, de l’innovation et de l’enseignement supérieur dans le monde depuis la parution du Rapport de l’UNESCO sur la science 2005. www.unesco.org/science/psd exists in English and Chinese and may be consulted at: consulted be may and Chinese and English in exists 2010 Report Science UNESCO Comme ses éditions précédentes, le Rapport de l’UNESCO sur la science 2010 a été écrit par The un groupe d’experts indépendants, chacun couvrant son pays ou sa région d’origine. De nombreuses statistiques ont été fournies par l’Institut de statistique de l’UNESCO. Kingdom United Oxford, Ltd, Arts Baseline Interior design and pre-press production pre-press and design Interior Le Rapport de l’UNESCO sur la science 2010 a été produit par une équipe relevant de la Division des Kingdom United London, Publishing, Pica by design Cover politiques scientifiques et du développement durable de l’UNESCO : Directrice de la Publication : Lidia Brito, Rédactrice en chef : Susan Schneegans, Assistante administrative : Sarah Colautti Organization. the commit not do and UNESCO of those necessarily not are which the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, therein, expressed opinions the for and book this in contained facts the of presentation the Ce livret est tiré de deux chapitres du Rapport de l'UNESCO sur la science 2010. Le premier and choice the for responsible are authors The boundaries. or frontiers its of delimitation présente une vue d’ensemble, alors que le deuxième est axé sur l’Afrique subsaharienne the concerning or authorities, its of or area or city territory, country, any of status legal the spécifiquement. concerning UNESCO of part the on whatsoever opinion any of expression the imply not do The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication publication this throughout material of presentation the and employed designations The Les désignations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part de l’UNESCO aucune prise de position quant au statut Africa. Sub-Saharan on focuses second the while overview, global a provides . The first first The . 2010 Report Science UNESCO juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de the in chapters two from drawn is booklet This leurs frontières ou limites. Les idées et les opinions exprimées dans cette publication sont celles des auteurs ; elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement les points de vue de l’UNESCO et Colautti Sarah Assistant: Administrative Schneegans, Susan Editor: n’engagent en aucune façon l’Organisation. Brito, Lidia Publication: of Director UNESCO: at Development Sustainable and Policy Science was produced by the following team within the Division for for Division the within team following the by produced was 2010 Report Science UNESCO The Création graphique : Baseline Arts Ltd, Oxford, Royaume-Uni Graphisme de la couverture : Pica Publishing, Londres, Royaume-Uni statistics. numerous provided Statistics for Institute UNESCO The hail. team of independent experts who are each covering the country or region from which they they which from region or country the covering each are who experts independent of team has been written by a a by written been has 2010 Report Science UNESCO Le Rapport de l’UNESCO sur la science 2010 existe en anglais et en chinois et peut être the predecessors, its Like published. was UNESCO Science Report 2005 2005 Report Science UNESCO consulté à l’adresse : www.unesco.org/science/psd the since education higher and innovation research, scientific This latest edition provides a global overview of the main developments and trends in in trends and developments main the of overview global a provides edition latest This series updates the status of science worldwide. worldwide. science of status the updates series Report Science UNESCO Le rapport complet est disponible sur commande aux Éditions de l’UNESCO : the years, five Every www.unesco.org/publishing [email protected] © UNESCO 2012 Tous droits réservés Policy Studies Network (ATPS) Network Studies Policy Cultural Organization Cultural in 2012by the African Technology Technology African the 2012by in Educational, Scientific and Scientific Educational, Kenya in printed was booklet This United Nations United Publishing UNESCO SC-2012/WS UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 This booklet contains two chapters from the UNESCO Science Report 2010: the introductory chapter (Chapter 1) and that on Sub-Saharan Africa (Chapter 14). The booklet has been funded by the African Technology Policy Studies Network, which also translated the chapter on Sub-Saharan Africa into French. CONTENTS Chapter 11 Russian Federation Leonid Gokhberg and Tatiana Kuznetsova Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO Chapter 12 Central Asia Chapter 1 The growing role of knowledge in the Ashiraf Mukhammadiev global economy Hugo Hollanders and Luc Soete Chapter 13 Arab States Adnan Badran and Moneef R. Zou’bi Chapter 2 United States of America J. Thomas Ratchford and William A. Blanpied Chapter 14 Sub-Saharan Africa Kevin Urama, Nicholas Ozor, Ousmane Kane Chapter 3 Canada and Mohamed Hassan Paul Dufour Chapter 15 South Asia Chapter 4 Latin America Tanveer Naim Mario Albornoz, Mariano Matos Macedo and Claudio Alfaraz Chapter 16 Iran Kioomars Ashtarian Chapter 5 Brazil Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz Chapter 17 India and Hernan Chaimovich Sunil Mani Chapter 6 Cuba Chapter 18 China Ismael Clark Arxer Mu Rongping Chapter 7 CARICOM countries Chapter 19 Japan Harold Ramkissoon and Ishenkumba Kahwa Yasushi Sato Chapter 8 European Union Chapter 20 Republic of Korea Peter Tindemans Jang-Jae Lee Chapter 9 Southeast Europe Chapter 21 Southeast Asia and Oceania Slavo Radosevic Tim Turpin, Richard Woolley, Patarapong Intarakumnerd and Wasantha Amaradasa Chapter 10 Turkey Sirin Elci Annexes Statistical Annex Intro Chapter [2] [Ed2]_Layout 1 17/09/12 14:13 Page2 Policies for science and technology must always be a mixture of realism and idealism. Chris Freeman (1921–2010) father of the ‘national innovation system’ concept Intro Chapter [2] [Ed2]_Layout 1 17/09/12 14:13 Page1 1 . The growing role of knowledge in the global economy Hugo Hollanders and Luc Soete THE GLOBAL PICTURE as expressed by investment in tertiary education and R&D. This can be observed in the burgeoning number of Introduction The UNESCO Science Report 2010 takes up from where its graduates in science and engineering. India, for example, predecessor left off five years ago. The aim of this first has opted to establish 30 new universities to raise student chapter is to provide a global overview of developments enrollment from less than 15 million in 2007 to 21 million over the past five years. We shall pay particular attention by 2012. Large emerging developing countries such as to ‘new’, ‘less known’, or ‘unexpected’ features revealed by Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa are also the data and the chapters that follow. spending more on R&D than before. This trend can also be observed in the transition economies of the Russian We shall begin by briefly reviewing the state of the Federation (Russia) and some other Eastern and Central support system for science against the backdrop of the European countries which are gradually climbing back to long, historically unique period of rapid global economic the levels of investment under the Soviet Union. In some growth from 1996 to 2007. This ‘growth spurt’ has been cases, the rise in gross domestic expenditure on R&D driven by new digital technologies and by the emergence (GERD) has been a corollary of strong economic growth of a number of large countries on the world stage. It was rather than the reflection of greater R&D intensity. In Brazil brought to a sudden and somewhat brutal halt by the and India, for example, the GERD/GDP ratio has remained global economic recession triggered by the sub-prime stable, whereas in China it has climbed by 50% since 2002 mortgage crisis in the USA in the third quarter of 2008. to 1.54% (2008). Similarly, if the GERD/GDP ratio has What impact has this global economic recession had on declined in some African countries, this is not symptomatic investment in knowledge? Before we endeavour to of a weaker commitment to R&D. It simply reflects an answer this question, let us take a closer look at some of acceleration in economic growth thanks to oil extraction the broad trends that have characterized the past decade. (in Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, etc) and other non- R&D-intensive sectors. If each country has different First and foremost, cheap and easy access to new digital priorities, the urge to catch up rapidly is irrepressible and technologies such as broadband, Internet and mobile has, in turn, driven economic growth worldwide to the phones have accelerated the diffusion of best-practice highest level in recorded history.